Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Media - Essay Example A collaboration of linguistic codes of narration, connotations, and text implies the subjects’ identity is ‘Osama bin Laden’ who is ‘watching himself on Television’. The production of the audio and implied representation in the text conveys a positive image for the U.S government, and demoralizes Osama. This demonstrates political influence in the media. The initial clip was apparently â€Å"seized at bin Ladens Pakistan compound† by U.S military in an operation to terminate Osama. Department of Defense would later supply the tape media to CNN with an Obama’s picture at the corner and without the audio track because it is seemingly inappropriate to spread the words of terrorist. The clip concerns a subject ‘Osama bin Laden’, who features as a terrorist in U.S culture, thus would generate mass audiences influencing CNN to broadcast this report. The driving forces behind the production of this report are government organizatio ns that have analyzed the meaning and impact of this tape before supplying it to CNN. Indeed, the U.S Department of Defense made a deliberate alteration to the tape. This manifests government sponsored propaganda’ as the alteration seeks to justify U.S military presence in Middle East and an effort to portray a positive representation of the U.S government by its successful results on ‘war on terror’. The alteration by the U.S Department of Defense and the production of the CNN report demonstrate media production. Were it not for the image of Osama Bin Laden in the report and the involvement of the U.S Department of Defense, the report would have made no news. Actually, Cable News Network manipulates the audience’s interest by using narration from correspondence to news presentation that guides the reader through connotations and mythology in the text. This demonstrates media textuality. This effectively cements

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay The Crucible is Arthur Millers most impressive play with its subject and theme raising continuous fascination and interest throughout the world. It tells the story of the Salem witch trials of 1692, centering the attention on the effect these trials had on the Proctor family, as well as making an analogous critical commentary on the actions of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in the 1950s. Miller initially did not aimed at depicting the HUAC hearings in the form of an old-fashioned witch trial. However, as the HUAC hearings grew more ritualistic, and more pointless, he could no longer resist. The play contains a lot of notes detailing the historical background of Salem society in the 1690s, and detailed facts regarding the actual lives of the main characters involved. Miller wanted to show that he had not made up these events, but that people really allowed such things to occur. These notes illustrate the extensive research which Miller undertook to write The Crucible. There are many details in the play which are firmly backed up by trial transcripts and other records of the time. However there are also notable details which arose from Millers imagination, like the presentation of Abigail and her lust for Proctor. The Crucible depicts how unscrupulous people, from the Putnams to the trial judges, declare the presence of evil and the Devil to harm whoever disagrees with them, not just religiously, but politically and socially. Such people assume a moral high position, and anyone who disagrees with them is deemed immoral and damned. Tituba and the children were certainly trying to commune with dark forces, but if left alone, their exploits would have bothered no onetheir actions are an indication of the way people react against repression rather than anything truly evil. But Miller does view evil as being at large in the world, and he believes that anyone, even the apparently virtuous, has the potential to be evil given the right circumstances, even though most people would not admit this. Miller offers Proctor as proof: a good man, but one who carries with him the guilt of adultery. But men like Danforth also fit this category, because they do evil deeds under the pretence of being right. In The Crucible, Miller centers this study on John Proctor, a man with an initially split personality, caught between the way in which others see him and the way he sees himself. His private sense of guilt leads him into an ironically false confession of having committed a public crime, although he later recants. What allows him to recant is the release of guilt given to him by his wifes confession of her coldness and inability to blame him for his adultery. Elizabeth insists that he is a good man, and this finally convinces him that he is. In The Crucible, Miller explores what happens when people allow others to be the judge of their conscience. Total freedom, Miller suggests, is largely a myth in any working society. Miller created his own poetic language for this play, based on the archaic language from the Salem documents. Wanting to make his audience feel they were witnessing events from an earlier time, yet not wanting to make his dialogue incomprehensible, he invents a form of speech for his characters which blended into everyday speech, an earlier vocabulary and syntax. Incorporating more familiar archaic words like yea, nay, or goodly, Miller creates the impression of a past era without overly perplexing his audience. Words like poppet instead of doll, are easily understood, just as the way he has the women addressed as Goody instead of Mrs. Miller alters various verb conjugations and tenses to conform more readily with those of the period, substituting he have for he has, or be for are and am, to give his audience just the flavor of seventeenth-century English. Speaking about the images in The Crucible, blood is a dominant image of the play, in the idea of it being equated with sexual passion, and in its association with murder. The images are initially associated with Abigail. Her heated blood leads her into a sexual liaison with Proctor, and she drinks blood to cast a spell on his wife. But the blood is transferred to the hands of the supposedly righteous judges who begin to hang innocent people. By employing historical texts, Miller attempts to project his own experience and personal beliefs without violating the truth of the historical matter he surveyed. In Millers hands the historical play becomes a vehicle for modern tragedy in The Crucible, carefully sustaining the atmosphere of the historical period but also projecting onto it the political realities of a dark age of modern American history. Works Cited Page Miller, Arthur. The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts. With an introduction by Christopher Bigsby. New York: Penguin, 1995

Effective Leadership In the NHS

Effective Leadership In the NHS The rapid technological developments particularly in the sectors of information technology and communication and the phenomenon of globalization create a new society more competitive and they impose continuous technological and qualitative upgrade of services that is offered in the consumers. This changes affect in the growth and in the metamorphosis of economy and society. Independent from their objective that is the maximization of profit most organisms either it is commercial enterprises or for not speculative organizations as universities and hospitals try for the best possible so that they acquire sufficient share of market. However, the most sensitive sector is the sector of health because it concerns with human lives. The context and challenges for health and healthcare across the Europe are changing rapidly and in many cases are converging. In this paper ..will try to introduce and analyze the topic of leadership in NHS. Firstly, given the general definition of leadership, because leadership has a lot of different ways to be fixed. Leaders today must be deeply knowledgeable about the past, widely informed about the present, and willing to substitute the common good for their own.(David Pierpont Gardner , On leadership) Before we get started, lets try to define leadership. The leadership is difficult to be fixed precisely. Have become a lot of efforts of determination leadership in organizations of Britain but there are many different opinions about it and its determination are problematic. There are many definitions as to what leadership is: it is something that is easily recognized, but not easily defined. So Hersey and Blanchard defined leadership as the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal achievement in a given situation, (Transformational Leadership in Health Care by Joan Trofino). Also, leadership is the relationship between the leader and the led that induces followers to act for certain goals that represent the wants and needs of both parties. (Burns 1970s). One thing is clear; leadership is a process where a leader influences the direction of a unit in achieving its objective in a given situation. The leadership from its nature includes t he element of control and the force to influenced the behavior of persons, it can be formal or informal and be concerned a big or small team of persons respectively. In any group of children or adults, there are those who step forward to organize people and events to achieve a specific result. For the leaders of health care, leadership can be defined as a dynamic process of seeking a vision for change in which the leader is supported by two main groups: fans within its own organization, and influential agents external organizations that work to the outside of leader environment. However, a good approach of leadership can become if we return in the typology of Weber that determines three types of leaders: the reasonable lawyer, the charismatic, and the traditional. Also, Robert Blake and Jane Mouton managerial grid. Other styles of leadership which indentified in the literature are the democratic, autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez faire, and employee controlled. Likert (1974). After research that became in enough organizations of Great Britain for the leadership existed a lot of and different opinions(Alimo Metalifare). The three types of leaders according to the typology of Weber present itself in most of organizations in Great Britain but are not attributed equally well in the organization of all, for this reason has begun to take shape a new model of leadership the transformational model. The key word so that it copes a modern economic unit and concretely a modern organism of health is the leadership. There are many elements to a campaign. Leadership is number one. Everything else is number two. (Anthony T. Dadovano -Bernd Brecher.   Bernd Brecher on Leadership). The successes and the failures of each constituted social structure (associations, enterprises, states) are attributed at a very significant percentage in their leadership. This fact makes the leadership one of the most important parameters that determine the good operation and the development of each social organization small or big. Successful organizations are those which have leaders smart, creative to think quickly, have training in administration, fluent in speaking, persuasive, knowledgeable about group task and have a vision to work and communicate effectively. Effective leadership is essential if a health services organization is to provide high-quality care and succeed financially. Effective leadership is a key ingredient in modernizing todays health services. Better leadership means better patient care and improved working practices for NHS staff. (NHS Modernization Agency, 2004a). Leadership ensures that the organization works successfully and accomplishes the desired goals. The functionals in the sector of health seek from a side the benefit of medical care and from other side trying for restraint the cost. In the NHS there is lack of leadership skills and developing methods but it has been recognized and their development is a high priority. Leaders are the key to the delivery of quality care in an organization. Burns (1987) was the first who reported in two innovative type of leadership, which can be corresponded successfully in the requirements of NHS. This type of leadership is the Transactional Leadership and the Transformational Leadership. The Transactional Leadership is based on exchange theory that includes performance bonus and compensation with exchange the successful execution of the work which assigned to the group. Here there is two standards of action: the contingent reward and the management by exception.(Kurz 1998). According to Bass (1985) the four main characteristics of transactional leadership are: charisma, inspiration, spiritual momentum, individualized approach. This type of leadership tends to maintain the current operational status of the organization. The leader seeks to maintain the overall structure of the system through the control and partial upgrading of structures and processes. For example, in a university hospital whatever changes could be done in personnel and equipment, it would be remained university oriented in research and education. The transformational leadership according to Burns (1978) happen when one or more people involved and cooperate with their manner in order to the leaders and colleagues to push each other to ever higher levels of motivation and incentive for greater efficiency. The main difference from the transactional leadership is that the leader here seeks to change the entire organizational culture and structures of organism. According to Bass (1984) the transformational leadership has three characteristics: The transformational leadership might be lead to most successful and sustainable solutions if it combined with the already existing process of transactional leadership. The Vision of transformational leader to have success in the future is to secure the consent of all the factors of organism, and makes the environment more receptive to the introduction of innovative methods and modes of action. Leadership and management are two meanings obviously like, but not identical. Many people confuse management with leadership. Leadership is much more than management. It is more an art than an ability, which making others want something that you are convinced should be done. Leadership is closely tied with the terms of strength, power and influence. Leaders must have supporters to be successful. Leaders are they who go to the front, they brought profound changes and innovations, in addition to managers who are they try to improve the efficiency of operation in a fixed place with a controlled way. Although leadership and management are both important, Bennis and Nanus identified a profound difference between the two: Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right things.( Transformational Leadership in Health Care by Joan Trofino). The environment of health care is so complex and powerful and contains a variety of disciplines to help them function properly. As long as more highly a leader want to reach an organization of health, so much more needs the leading faculty and influence. The influence that it can have the leadership is very important for the achievement of objectives. The leadership should prompt the persons to follow its even from curiosity. This effort was not small time duration, but long-lasting and laborious, otherwise would be failed. This proves that leadership developed day with the day and no in one day. The healthcare sector needs leaders who can communicate verbal with others, setting goals, have adaptability to changes, take risks. The leaders in the NHS must make the right choice of people who constitute their team, inspire and empower them to achieve their best. The right leadership should be draw rightly the processes that are required to be followed as well as the time and the way of pursuing them, so that is achieved the objective. Its application in NHS it would be predetermines course of action, places the objectives, adapts the priorities, informs the basic collaborators, leaves time margin for the acceptance, impetuously advances in the action, waits for that it will have problems, re-examines daily the drawing. The leadership should see the future developing the experience of past and taking ideas from executives and from the remainder personnel, which is required for the achievement of objectives. If the leadership has powerful character, the persons entrust it and they entrust its faculty to unfold their dynamism. This not only gives in the personnel of health sector hope for the future but also promotes their faith in and in their organism. Each time in the NHS where the leadership is found front on a problem, the leaders should park it immediately and try to solve using the perspicacity. Of course, the perspicacity combine itself with good knowledge of object, and with who tactic to apply or who objective to place, so that it prompts the workers in the organism to function in the right direction of his achievement with enthusiasm and effectiveness. Furthermore, important role in the guidance of leadership for the realization of objectives play the faculty of choice of resources and their way of exploitation. The leadership should see each situation with criterion the available resources e.g. money, raw material, technology and, more important, the available human resources. Never it should not it forgets that the more precious resource they are the persons. The effective leadership has always aimed at the successful outcome of any effort. Three ingredients are required to have the leadership to reach success in NHS: a) vision to inspire all employees, b) ability to develop various skills, such as executives who each have different talents and c) dedication to the success of this objective and pass it around the body. Which effort would do and what time will do is very important for a successful outcome. The choice of timing for taking the appropriate action is very important because the wrong action at wrong time is sure to lead to negative results, the right move at the wrong time will bring resistance to the wrong move at the right time is wrong and only right move at the right time leads to success. Effective leaders give positive reinforcement and they should be admit when they are wrong. It makes people feel comfortable asking them for help and advice. The leadership eventually to be able to achieve its objectives, must maximize every resource available to the benefit of the organization. Especially, in the NHS should be combined in an optimal way all the available resources where there are, especially human resources (doctors, nurses, administrators, technicians). Because the sector of health is more complex and the NHS aim is to promote the establishment of a comprehensive health services designed to secure improvement in the physical and mental health of the people of England and Wales and the prevention diagnosis and treatment of illness (The New Politics of the NHS, Rudolf Klein 2006), this will require leaders and managers to develop new skills and innovate practices. Leaders must have the right tools to make decisions and to provide the best solution for their organism. Finally, leaders in the NHS have to be both accountable and transparent in their decision-making for sure, but they also need to be open to the other peoples point of view, to be visionary and capable of communicating that vision and motivating others to achieve their best for the benefit of patient care. Also require the ability to empower other healthcare personnel. The competence and creativity of managers and leaders at all levels in health care will be fundamental to the effective implementation of the health strategy. Being a healthcare leader today means being faced with daunting challenges, including complex organizational structures, unfamiliar operational and strategic issues, rapid change, and lack of time. Overcoming these obstacles requires new leadership competencies and a renewed attention to traditional competencies. These competencies are rooted in leadership values that give you focus in turbulent times, that help you deal with stress and that help you align others during organizational change. Apart from the effective leadership that is the most important elements that are required in the NHS, it also required planning and organization. In order to exists effective leadership will be supposed exist right organization and planning, because the organization is the process that in each worker is given some concrete work and the planning fixes what should become for this. The combination of this three elements with a creative and charismatic leader can compose in the NHS the essential elements for its success. Demands for healthcare are unpredictable, especially in the 4 NHSs in the United Kingdom because they exist in different geographically distant locations, with different culture and different needs of people. CONCLUSION This paper has explored the leadership in the healthcare field and has the aim of providing an easy way for effective leadership in it, and related research flowing from the  key findings of the independent inquiry in Carmarthenshire, with the aim of providing a  practical way forward for healthcare leaders pursuing system change. Strengthening  organisational leadership and capacity for inter-organisational collaboration requires a  combination of long-term investments in building relationships and trust, and in  developing a culture in which senior leaders are role models of cooperation. Although it  has not been possible to cover all issues in depth, hopefully the paper provides practical  ideas for healthcare leaders in developing their leadership style, executive teams, interpersonal  relationships, and inter-organisational relationships and collaboration.  Thus, for example, some researchers have focused on studying who leaders  are and on what leaders do, s pecifically, through the identification of those  personal attributes which differentiate those individuals who are perceived as  leaders, or who act in the role of leader. Conversely, others have focused  more on what leaders do, and how they do it. Thus, more recent research  has focused attention on the relationship between leaders and followers,  which has come to be seen as the study of leadership behaviour, rather than  just leader behaviour. In parallel, some writers have stressed the need to  study followership, not only because all leaders are also followers, but also  because modern notions of leadership place considerable emphasis on the  power and importance of followers in ultimately enabling leadership to have  greatest effect (e.g., Hollander, 1978; Lee, 1993). connectedness with stakeholders, internal and external to the organisation, the development of leadership in others by empowerment and encouraging the questioning of approaches to ones job and the way in which service is delivered Medical practices and hospitals spend great sums of money building and renovating facilities and purchasing new equipment, but relatively little time or effort developing a better ubderstanding of the people who work in them. Healthcare leaders need to undersyand the nature of healthcare organizations and the work they do (to improve organizational performance we need to understand human performance People with a high level of need for achievement tend to prefer situations in which we can take personal responsibility for solving problems. we have little understanding of how and why some persons are more effective leaders than others. The truth is that anyone can be an effective leader. They just need to find the right balance between social, moral and business aspects of leadership.   An effective leader is generally someone that leads by example and other people just tend to follow because they believe what they do is the right thing. Think of anyone you have looked up to in the past, were they an honest individual that put others before themselves? That is a quality of effective leadership. Being honest gives a person credibility and result in other people trusting and believing in that person. Effective leaders lead by example and merely invite others to come along with them. Keeping promises is another sign of effective leadership. They believe in others and never fail to reward or compliment someone when they see they are doing well.. Effective leaders admit when they are wrong and admit when they make mistakes. Everyone is human and makes a mistake at one time or another. Its how a person handles a mistake that gives them a certain leadership quality Good listening skills are a big part of effective leadership. A person who is willing to listen to problems or concerns an employee or a friend may have will give them more information. Therefore, the effective leader can make a well-informed and thought out decision.  . Effective leadership is about asking or requesting a person to do something, not commanding them. Effect leaders make recommendations to follow.   Effective leaders are willing to get their hands dirty. They realize that they are more than just a figure head or a boss. Most of the quality workshops will focus on certain aspects of leadership training. Strong language skills and effective words to express effective leadership are inherent to the programs and they are great ways to deal with staff communication. In conclusion leadership has a high correlation with all elements of the organizational learning system and it is a means to leverage knowledge through organizational learning.

Affirmative Action :: Essays Papers

Affirmative Action President John F. Kennedy used the phrase "affirmative action" in March of 1961, when he put into effect Executive Order 10925. The order required every federal contract to include the pledge that "The Contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Contractor will take affirmative action, to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." However, in 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson felt that in order to achieve fairness more was need than just a commitment to impartial treatment. Months later, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which stated that "It is the policy of the Government of the United States to provide equal opportunity in federal employment for all qualified persons, to prohibit discrimination in employment because or race, creed, color or national origin, and to promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, continuing program in each department and agency." Two years later, the order was amended to prohibit discrimination based on sex. Today, it is argued that the affirmative action policy has resulted in reverse discrimination, as well as an increase in racial tension. Those in opposition feel that it is undemocratic to give one class of citizens advantages at the expense of other citizens. They feel this policy promotes quotas rather than qualifications. They believe that discrimination on some level is a part of everyone's life and is an inescapable part of forming preferences and taste. Those in favor of affirmative action state that it is not about preferential treatment for certain racial, gender, or ethnic groups, but rather about promoting equality and equal opportunities for everyone. Defenders feel this policy helps level the field for women and minorities that historically have been overlooked and discriminated against. The issue of affirmative action is a sore subject in society. I have mixed feelings on the policy; it can be beneficial as well as harmful to those affected by it. As a woman in the workforce, it is reality to me that segregation based on sex does exist, as well as a wage gap. I feel that women will benefit more from a free market system rather than one controlled by government regulation. In order to meet their quota, employers will promote women and minorities too quickly or into positions, they are not qualified for.

All Agreements Are Contracts Essay

1. Introduction Dear students, welcome to the lecture series on Business Regulatory Frame Work. Today we are going to discuss the Indian Contract Act 1872. Before I start my discussion on the contract, I would like to make you aware that the Indian Contract Act 1872 came enforced on the 1st day of the September 1872. It is applicable to whole of the country except the State Jammu & Kashmir. The course related to the law is designed to impart the knowledge to the student so that they are acquaint with the general principles of the law. As you know in our day to day life we come across number of contracts but we are not aware about them. When we board a bus or when we go to see a movie or we lend away book to our friend or when we are depositing the luggage in the railway clock room, the law comes in the picture without understanding the law we will not be able to understand what are the rights and the obligation granted to the individuals. The objective of this course is to provide a brief idea about the frame work of the Indian Business Law. 2. Agreement and Contract Now we will start our discussion on the Indian Contract Act. First of all we should understand what is a contract? Apart from the legal definition if we generally understand the word Contract then we can say that a contract comes into the picture when there is an agreement and when the agreement become enforceable it become a contract. There are two words Agreement and Contract. What is an agreement? Agreement itself comes in the picture when there is an offer and acceptance. Now again if we go into the details of this offer and acceptance then we find that offer is an expression of the desire by one party in front of the other party to do something or not to do something is an offer. Suppose ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I would like to sell my car to you in fifty thousand rupees, will you buy? Now here ‘A’ is expressing his desire to the ‘B’ to sell his car so that ‘B’ buy’s it. So offer has to be there and in that offer if there is an acceptance then it becomes an agreement and suppose in the same example ‘B’ says that YES he would like to Page 1 of 9  buy the car of the ‘A’ then it becomes an agreement. Now when there is an  offer and acceptance in a contract it becomes an agreement. So after studying or  analysing how agreement comes into the picture we move on to understand what is a contract? Now to reach at the level of the contract we have to add or we have to incorporate enforceability into it, the law says that until and unless an agreement is not enforceable, it cannot become a contract and to make it enforceable we have to add to certain essentials of a valid contract which are explained in the Section-10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Without  enforceability it will simply remain an agreement it cannot become a contract. So in other words we can say to reach at the level of the contract we must have on the one hand agreement and on the other hand we must have enforceability into it and then it will reach at the level of the contract or it will become a contract. If I say all agreements are not contract but all contracts are agreement because all agreement cannot reach at the stage of the contract because if an agreement is not enforceable in spite of having number of the element of enforceability into it. If it is lacking one element of enforceability, it cannot reach the stage of the contract. Now just to make it a very simple. If I say that you are the student of the B.Com Part-I and if I say that you will become a graduate one day, there is no certainty into it. A student in the part 1 will definitely be a graduate there is no certainty because he may drop the studies in between or he may decide to quit but whomsoever is a graduate or if a student is a B.Com then automatically I will say that he has completed B.Com. Part I. So a student who is B.Com Part I need not to be necessarily be a graduate one day but whomsoever is a graduate was definitely was in B.Com Part I. Meaning thereby, if I relate, B.Com Part 1, with an  agreement and B.Com itself, with a contract. There is a gap between the two like an agreement has to be converted into the contract with enforceability.  We had to add the essential elements in a contract and then it will become a contract. Similarly a student has to pass B.Com Part I, he has to pass B.Com Part II and then he has to pass B.Com Part III or the final year examination then he will become a graduate. If somewhere in between if he leaves the studies or quit the studies, he cannot become a graduate. So we can say all contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract. 3. Definitions of Agreement and Contract Now I would like to give you the definition of the contract which have been defined in the law. The term contract is defined in section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act which reads as under: â€Å"An Agreement enforceable by law is a contract†. Now if we analyse the definition we find that whatever I have explained to you earlier is covered in this definition and if we go by the definition of agreement given in the section 2(e) – â€Å"Every promise and every set of promises is forming the consideration for each other is an agreement.† Now if we analyse this definition and I have explained it earlier that agreement or the promise consist of two things offer and acceptance. Let us see the some definition given by the thinkers. Definition given by Mr. Polak â€Å"Every agreement and promise enforceable at law is a contract† and Sir Salmond has defined â€Å"a contract is an agreement creating and defining obligation between the parties. If we analyse the definition given by eminent jurist and the definition given in the Indian Contract Act, we reach on this conclusion that to make an agreement enforceable and then we can enter into a contract. Now the question arises that what are those things which can make an agreement enforceable in the eye of law. Since, we have studied the portion of the agreement very well, that it is made up of two things offer and acceptance. Offer is the expression of the desire by the one party in front of the other party to give an assent and acceptance is the assent given on the offer. 4. Enforceability in an Agreement Now we will move on to the points which bring the enforceability in the agreement and if the enforceability is added it is included it will constitute along with an agreement it will constitute a contract. The first and foremost point which we had discussed is that there has to be an offer and there has to be an acceptance. As you know very well that without two parties or more than two parties we cannot enter into a contract. So in a contract there has to be more than two parties and one party will make an offer to the other party. The other party will give an acceptance on it. This is the fundamental essential to convert or to bring the enforceability in agreement. The second important essential element is that there has to be a free consent between both the parties. Now this particular word free consent is made up of two words consent and it should be free. As I mentioned that each element will be dealt by me later on in great detail therefore I am providing you the brief introduction of these elements. The consent is the meeting of the mind and both the parties agree upon the same thing in a same sense it is said that there is a consent. But it will be free provided it is not caused by or provided the consent is not obtained by cohesion, undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation. In very simple line I will explain coercion meaning thereby if one party forcibly compelling the other party to enter into the contract it is said that coercion has been applied on the other party. For example A by threatening to kill him enters into a contract with him it is said that A has entered into a contract with the B by coercion. Undue influence, whenever there is undue  influence, one party is always in a stronger position and other party is always at a weaker position. The stronger party morally pressurised the weaker party to enter into the contract and weaker party enters into the contract without the free will. It is said the undue influence has been exercised. What is the fraud? The fraud means when one party intentionally or deliberately or with the intention to cheat the other party, to deceive the other party, enters into the contract it is said that fraud has been  exercised by the party and misrepresentation meaning thereby, a statement which is not true but the party making it believe it to be true it is said that misrepresentation have taken place so if we have got the four element if the consent is called by these four element it is said that it is not a free consent and contract enter into by the party without free consent even not having enforceability remember we are now dealing with thos e point which will bring the enforceability with the agreement so that it become a contract. We are here studying the point which will take the agreement to the contract. These points I am discussing, again I am repeating in very very brief manner. The another point which is very important to bring the enforceability is the parties should be competent to enter into the contract. Without going into the details if we say all parties are competent to enter into the contract except the three parties, if we exclude these three parties from the agreement there will be enforceability so  that agreement will become a contract and these parties are if the contract is enter into by the minors and minor is a person who is not having age of 18 if the contract has been enter into by the person of unsound mind it is said that it is not enforceable he is not competent to enter into the contract and if the people debar by law if they enter into the contract since they do not have capacity to enter into the contract it cannot become a contract and they don’t have capacity to enter into the contract. Therefore if we say, if these three people are present in any agreement that agreement cannot become a contract and except these three people if any person enter into the contract that agreement will have enforceability. 5. Lawful Object and Consideration Now I move on to another point that is known as the object of the agreement should be lawful and the consideration which is given should also be lawful. There are two things, object of the contract should be lawful as well as the consideration given to achieve the object should also be lawful. First of all I will take up what do we mean by consideration. Consideration the law says is that something in exchange like if you go to the market to buy 1 kg sugar you give 35 rupees to the shopkeeper and the shopkeeper gives you 1kg sugar. For the shopkeeper, 35  rupees is a consideration and for you, sugar is a consideration. So there is an exchange between the two parties therefore there has to be a consideration but the consideration should be lawful and object of the contract should also be lawful. Now law says what is lawful object? and what is lawful consideration? In the Law has not defined in a positive manner, law have defined that what is unlawful. If the law says if any object and consideration does not fall within these lines then it is automatically lawful object and lawful consideration. Meaning  thereby, we go negatively to explain what is the lawful object? And what is the lawful consideration? Now suppose, ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that if you will kill the ‘C’ I will give fifty thousand rupees. Now in this example when ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ to kill the ‘C’, the object is not lawful as well as the consideration which is decided to kill the ‘C’ is also not lawful. Therefore the object of the contract should be lawful but I will mention certain points which are declared by the law that they are treated as unlawful therefore they are not applicable or they don’t have any validity in the eye of law. Number one is If it is fraudulent the object of the contract is to do some fraud then it will be treated as the object of the contract is not lawful. For example if ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ together decide and cheat the ‘D’ they make a pl an to cheat ‘D’ or to play a fraud with the ‘D’ it is unlawful and object of the ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ of the plan is unlawful. 6. Objects Forbidden by Law If the object of the contract is forbidden by law, when we say it is forbidden by law meaning thereby the law does not permit that if the object of the contract is forbidden by law then it will not be treated as a point of enforceability in an agreement. For example if ‘A’ having a living  married wife enters into a contract to marry another lady. Now here in this example the object of the contract is forbidden by law and if we dwell upon we will find that it is written in the Hindu law that a person if he is having a married wife living with him cannot marry the another lady. So if the object is forbidden by either by the law or by the state legislation or by the Central Government if they have enacted any law and if it is forbidden and if we try to enters into a contract which is forbidden by law that will be treated as unlawful object. The next point in the unlawful object and  consideration is that if the object is permitted it will defeat the provisions of the some other law and if we take the example we find that suppose in a company it is mentioned that a person if he comes to attend a meeting he will be given 125 rupees for example as a remuneration to attend the meeting and 25 rupees as a allowance. Now if we are giving the allowance with an intention to evade the income tax then it will be treated that object of giving the 25 rupees with an intention of evading the income tax then we can say here also the object of the contract is not lawful and if it is injurious to the other party. If two parties enter into the contract to injure somebody that object is also unlawful and if the object of the contract is immoral. Now the definition of the morality will depend upon the standard of the society but yet if we are promoting the prostitution, that is considered as to be an immoral and if the two parties enters into the contract which promotes the prostitution, that object of the contract is also unlawful but last but not the least heading in the unlawful object and consideration is that it should not be against the public policy. Now public policy is a very wide term. Public policy has been defined by different  is always a situational.  eminent jurist in different manner it Whatever is suitable according to the standard of the  society can be included in the heading of the public policy. We sometime call it that public policy is unruly horse. We can include any heading in the public policy. Like, for example recently the Supreme Court has given a judgement in which they have specifically mentioned that no construction activity will take place in Bombay and other parts of the country after 10 O’clock in the night. Now this decision has been given in the interest of the public policy. If you recall there is a judgement that during the Navratras the dandiyas are not allowed after 10 o’clock in certain states except Gujarat because the Gharba is the festival of the Gujarat. Dandiya is played during that particular period with the great enthusiasm in the Gujarat because it has got an origin in the Gujarat. It originated from the Gujarat. So except Gujarat the Dandiyas will not be played in other part of the country after 10 o’clock. This decision is given in the interest of the public policy. So public policy is a very wider term. Yet we have decided certain heads which are included in the public policy. First is trading with enemy, second is trafficking in the public offices, third is interference with administration of justice, fourth is marriage brokerage contracts, fifth is agreement tending to create interest oppose to duty, sixth agreement in restrain of parental right, seventh agreement restricting personal liberty and the last but not the least is the agreement to commit a crime. So the object of the contract should be lawful and in this point we had studied that what is lawful and it has not been explained but what is unlawful it has been explained. 7. Agreement should not be Declared Void Now we move on to another element which bring the enforceability in an agreement. The heading of that element is that an agreement should not be  specifically declared void. In the law of contract there are certain agreements which are declared by law that they are the void and they cannot be at any rate be converted into the contract and as we know void agreements  are the void from the very beginning.  They cannot be converted into the contract, they are not  enforceable they have no value in the eyes of law. Now for your convenience I will mention the headings of the void agreements.  The first and the foremost is  agreements by person who are not competent to contract (Section-11), agreement under a mutual mistake of fact material to agreement (Section-20), agreement with unlawful consideration or object (Section-23), agreement, the consideration or object of which is unlawful in part (Section-24), agreements without consideration (Section-25), agreement in restrain of marriage (Section-26), agreements in restraint of trade (Section-27), agreement s in restrain of legal proceedings (Section-28), agreement, the meaning of which is uncertain (Section29), wagering agreement (Section-30) and agreement to do impossible act (Section-56). If we look at the list we find that any agreement which is falling under these categories or under any of these categories will be known as the void agreement it cannot be converted into the contract. If I move on to another element of the enforceability and that is the agreement must be certain. When we say the agreement must be certain meaning thereby when offer is made to another party it should have the element of certainty. It should not be weigh. The acceptor or the promisee should not derive the different meaning out of it or it should not be confusing also. For example if ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that he would like to sell the fifty tins of the oil. Now this offer by ‘A’ to the ‘B’ is uncertain. It is not giving meaning, which oil he would like to sell to ‘B’. Is he would like to sell the coconut oil or he would like to sell the mustard oil. He has not mentioned it, therefore, in  agreement which is expressed or agreement which is given to the other party should be certain and the last point to bring the enforceability is known as that performance of the agreement should not be impossible. For a very simple example if a girl says to a boy that you bring the stars from the sky and then I will marry you. It is impossible act. It can not be converted into the  contract it is lacking the enforceability because we know we can not bring the stars from the sky. If ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I will give you 1 lakh rupees if you join the two parallel lines, we know two parallel lines do not meet. Another  example is if ‘A’ says to ‘B’ that he will show the ‘B’ the hidden treasure by magic then it is also an impossible act because by magic we cannot show the hidden treasure. Therefore, these are the elements which has been explained to you if they are available in toto, if they are available as it is in an agreement then it will become a contract.  If one single essential element of this is absent or one  essential element of the valid contract is absent or missing then it cannot become a contract that agreement will simply remain an agreement because it is lacking one of the essential element of enforceability. Therefore to reach at the level of the contract we have to fulfil all these requirements. Therefore we say all  contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract because to travel  at the stage of the contract, to reach at the stage of the contract we had to have these elements.

Has vs. Had

Has vs. Had Has vs. Had Has vs. Had By Maeve Maddox I received this note from a reader: My friends and I consider ourselves to be pretty good English speakers. But, when and where to use has and had has us beat.  Can you assist? The verb to have ranks right up there with be and do as far as the variety of ways in which it is used. I’m guessing that the reader is referring to the use of has and had in their role as auxiliary or helping verbs. Has and had are forms of the verb to have. Their use as helping verbs is to form perfect tenses. First of all, let’s clarify the grammatical  meaning of perfect. It does not mean â€Å"In a state of complete excellence; free from any imperfection or defect of quality; that cannot be improved upon; flawless, faultless.† Perfect to describe a verb tense has to do with the completion of an action. Linguists argue over how many verb tenses English has, but for our purposes, we’ll say that English has six basic tenses: Simple Present: They cook. Present Perfect: They have cooked. Simple Past: They cooked. Past Perfect: They had cooked. Future: They will walk. Future Perfect: They will have walked. I’ll limit my remarks to Present Perfect and Past Perfect. Present Perfect Have or has is used with a past participle to form the present perfect tense. This tense designates action which began in the past but continues into the present, or the effect of the action continues into the present. Compare these sentences: My father drove a school bus. (simple past) My father has driven a school bus for three years. (present perfect) The first sentence implies that the father no longer drives a school bus; the second sentence indicates that he is still driving a school bus. Past Perfect This past perfect (also called the pluperfect) is formed with had and a past participle. The past perfect indicates an action that was completed in the past before another action took place. Compare: Arnold painted the garage when his friends arrived. (simple past) Arnold had painted the garage when his friends arrived. (past perfect before simple past) In the first sentence, Arnold started painting the garage at the time his friends arrived. He was probably hoping they would help him. In the second sentence, Arnold had completed the action of painting the garage by the time his friends arrived. In sentences that express condition and result, the past perfect belongs in the part of the sentence that states the condition: â€Å"If I had made better choices in my youth, I would be better off today.† I often hear television characters use the simple past instead of the past perfect in the condition clause: â€Å"If I knew you were coming, I would have baked a cake.† They also create such convoluted constructions as â€Å"If I would have known you were coming, I would have baked a cake† instead of: â€Å"If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with Heart11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

My Super Power Essay Essays

My Super Power Essay Essays My Super Power Essay Essay My Super Power Essay Essay This is one of those authoritative iceboat inquiries. We’ve all heard it – likely even answered it – before. and in most instances. we quickly forgot about the inquiry until it was raised once more. Then we’d hem and haw and choice another generic world power. like flight. or super-strength or invisibleness. and likely pick something different than last clip. So I’ve decided to chew over it over this clip. If I could hold any world power. what would it be? I’ve likely imagined holding all of the standard powers at one point or another. Flying saves on gas money. and you can ever do a great entryway ; ace strength is great for when your billfold falls into that cleft behind the desk ; and we’ve all had adequate awkward minutes that we merely want to be unseeable for a piece. Of class. when I truly think about it. would these powers truly do me any good? I don’t by and large get out of the house. and I feel like winging would affect a batch more attempt and swallowed bugs than siting the coach or walking. Super strength is great excessively. until your friends find out. Then you’re the first individual anyone calls when they need to travel. And invisibleness? Well. it’s one thing to worry that everyone’s speaking about that abashing thing you did. but at least they’ll politely shut up about it when they know you’re at that place. So no. I’d instead non hold one of the standard world powers. Besides. as any fan of superheroes knows. â€Å"With great power comes great duty. † I am rather content to minimise my duties. If I have to hold a world power. it has to be something so everyday. so fiddling. that people wouldn’t even bother inquiring me to utilize it. Thus. I have decided on my world power: Once a twenty-four hours. I want the power to spontaneously cite a beigel and a juice box. Certain. now and so if someone’s forgotten their tiffin. I can assist them out. But since I can merely utilize this power once a twenty-four hours. people can’t count on it on a regular basis. â€Å"Sorry. I already made my beigel today. † I would answer. and merely shrug. I can barely be expected to work out universe hungriness with this. but hey. if I’m of all time stuck in the wilderness. I’ll be able to keep out longer than most hapless saps. I leave myself with a moderate grade of flexibleness in this respect. The beigel and juice box may be of whatever spirit I choose. I was originally tempted to spread out the beigel choices to sandwiches. but that would merely intend people would be more likely to inquire me to cite sandwiches for them. And possibly there is still the possible to contend offense now and once more. Muggers could be disarmed with a well-aimed. peculiarly stale beigel. Very little fires could be put out with the juicebox. Evil babe masterminds could be appeased with an afternoon bite. after which they would of course hold to take a sleep and keep off on destructing the universe. Of class. you couldn’t truly anticipate me to be on manus in instance such specific crises were in advancement. Possibly I got hungry in traffic. or I’d already foiled one bagel-susceptible secret plan that twenty-four hours. In that instance. you’d have to go forth salvaging the universe up to all the folks who picked things like super-speed and super-nannying. It’s likely better that manner. Knowing me. if I had a regular crime-fighting gig. I’d by and large five pess into the air before I remembered that I should alter into my costume. And that assumes I could really do a costume in the first topographic point. No. I think I’ll be merely all right with my absolutely simple. absolutely uninteresting power.

Day in the life of Bob Essay

Day in the life of Bob Essay Day in the life of Bob Essay Writing Research Papers Writing is easy. All you do is stare at a blank sheet of paper until drops of blood form on your forehead. - Gene Fowler A major goal of this course is the development of effective technical writing skills. To help you become an accomplished writer, you will prepare several research papers based upon the studies completed in lab. Our research papers are not typical "lab reports." In a teaching lab a lab report might be nothing more than answers to a set of questions. Such an assignment hardly represents the kind of writing you might be doing in your eventual career. Written and oral communications skills are probably the most universal qualities sought by graduate and professional schools as well as by employers. You alone are responsible for developing such skills to a high level. Resources for learning technical writing Before you begin your first writing assignment, please consult all of the following resources, in order to gain the most benefit from the experience. General form of a typical research article Specific guidelines (if any) for the assignment – see the writeups on individual lab studies McMillan, VE. "Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences, Third Ed." New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001. ISBN 0-312-25857-7 (REQUIRED for Bioc 211, 311, recommended for other science courses that include writing) Writing portfolio examples (pdf) As you polish up your writing skills please make use of the following resources Instructor feedback on previous assignments Common errors in student research papers Selected writing rules (somewhat less serious than the other resources) For Biosciences majors the general guidelines apply to future course work, as can be seen by examining the guidelines for the advanced experimental sciences research paper (Bioc 311). General form of a research paper An objective of organizing a research paper is to allow people to read your work selectively. When I research a topic, I may be interested in just the methods, a specific result, the interpretation, or perhaps I just want to see a summary of the paper to determine if it is relevant to my study. To this end, many journals require the following sections, submitted in the order listed, each section to start on a new page. There are variations of course. Some journals call for a combined results and discussion, for example, or include materials and methods after the body of the paper. The well known journal Science does away with separate sections altogether, except for the abstract. Your papers are to adhere to the form and style required for the Journal of Biological Chemistry, requirements that are shared by many journals in the life sciences. General style Specific editorial requirements for submission of a manuscript will always supercede instructions in these general guidelines. To make a paper readable Print or type using a 12 point standard font, such as Times, Geneva, Bookman, Helvetica, etc. Text should be double spaced on 8 1/2" x 11" paper with 1 inch margins, single sided Number pages consecutively Start each new section on a new page Adhere to recommended page limits Mistakes to avoid Placing a heading at the bottom of a page with the following text on the next page (insert a page break!) Dividing a table or figure - confine each figure/table to a single page Submitting a paper with pages out of order In all sections of your paper Use normal prose including articles ("a", "the," etc.) Stay focused on the research topic of the paper Use paragraphs to separate each important point (except for the abstract) Indent the first line of each paragraph Present your points in logical order Use present tense to report well accepted facts - for example, 'the grass is green' Use past tense to describe specific results - for example, 'When weed killer was applied, the grass was brown' Avoid informal wording, don't address

A Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current Essay - 1

A Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current interest to Wall Street Journal readers - Essay Example a Questions & Answers session with Josh Zumbrun and Brian Baskin published on the Wall Street Journal (n.pag.), the two economics correspondents highlighted the implications of a reduction in world oil prices. It is true that a reduction in oil prices will increase GDP, create more jobs and reduce consumer prices however the long-term implications can sabotage technological development in the shale oil exploration, oil extraction and petroleum production projects. Most oil projects are large-scale developmental projects that require huge funding but a reduction in oil prices will make them less feasible. Investments in the oil sector will reduce and this will threaten the production of fuel which is a highly sought-after product for the industries. There are other psychological implications to the oil price reduction. Firstly, lower prices will stimulate a behavior of greater consumption which will increase consumer spending. Secondly, the sense that gas prices are low, consumers will not find an incentive to switch to more fuel efficient cars. As a result, investment in fuel efficient cars will decline making the production of fuel efficient cars unprofitable. Another impact would be that people will start to spend greater amounts on fuel and burn more fuel. The drop in prices will thus be adjusted by greater consumption of fuel and this will increase the overall demand. Considering the long term implications of the drop in fuel prices, there is a need for the government to regulate oil prices since oil is an important commodity. A price floor should be implemented below which the price of oil should not be allowed to fall (Mankiw, 117). This will help mitigate the impact of falling oil prices on consumer spending, greater fuel demand, and reduced investment in oil projects. In the long run this will enable healthy investments in fuel efficient cars as well as oil production projects so that they ensure ample oil supply that powers industries and fuel efficient

AS Level English Literature - Aspects of Narrative Essay

AS Level English Literature - Aspects of Narrative - Essay Example This is the time when the superpower witnessed levels of prosperity which shall remain unprecedented in the history of America and will be always marked with glory as the â€Å"roaring† 1920s due to excessive soaring of the economy. At the same time, the society of America also witnessed prohibition which instigated ban on the manufacturing and sale of alcohol as made mandatory by the Eighteenth Amendment. This made many people millionaires out of bootlegger business (CandiULB, â€Å"America from 1917 to 2008†). After the republication of the novel during the years of 1945 and 1953, the novel reached the pinnacle of glory and a huge readership acceptance till date and started being considered as the paragon in American literature and classic for its great plot, fascinating narrative and universally relative socio-economic discourse. Establishment of the Context and Major Themes of the Novel by Fitzgerald in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Chapter One and Chapter Two of the nove l form the initiating chapters of the great tale and also present a platform where the author explicitly prepares his readers to understand the theme, background and context of his novel. At the outset of the plot these kinds of hints or psychological grooming of the readers is an evident phenomenon from a great author as Fitzgerald. A thorough and a close introspection of the novel would enable the readers to understand that the plot of the novel is woven into multiple themes pertaining to myriad perspectives about life, culture, age and society that the author intend to present. Amid multiple themes captivated within the tight-lipped plot of the novel, the decline of the American Dream in the 1920s and the hollowness of the higher class form the major themes of the novel. Apart from these two poignant themes, there are also certain minor themes which can be considered as quite pertinent themes present in the novel such as, honesty, decay, roles played by the genders, violence, con flict of the class, religion and World War I. Prior to a close analysis of the context of the novel and its development at the outset of the novel, it becomes obvious from the perspective of the narration that it is a conscious deviation from the writing style of Fitzgerald. The plot opens with the introduction of Nick Carraway. Nick is portrayed as a bachelor from the background of a Midwestern family who graduated from the University of Yale in the year 1915 and participated in the World War I for a while. Nick comes back to the Midwest before his settlement in New York and plans to learn about the â€Å"bond business† and despite his wealthy upbringing; Nick continues a modest way of living. In this part of the story, Gatsby, the hero of Nick’s novel is introduced and Nick appears as the author and also the narrator of the story. His description of a â€Å"gorgeous† hero in the form of Gatsby at the beginning of the novel indicates that he is deeply disgusted with the national concepts and perceptions that are accepted widely. He indicates explicitly that his education from his father enabled him not to judge people with the same kind of moral standards and parameters he sets for himself. He comments, â€Å"In my YOUNGER and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since†. â€Å"â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone†

Terms and Conditions May Apply (2013) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terms and Conditions May Apply (2013) - Essay Example In this matter, some important points regards privacy policy of various websites are raised which should be considered by the web site owners and visitors. His concentration is highly influenced to increase the level of satisfaction of public in utilization of modern technological resources. Some imperative elements of this documentary are mentioned das under; In this documentary, it is proved that importance of private data of any user is an obvious matter which can not be denied. All websites should make their privacy policy strict and effective for gaining confidence of users in the market. For this purpose, various examples are presented in this documentary which is useful for the web site owners and visitors to manage the private data with surety of security. Accordingly, people can use the web services easily with this satisfaction; this scenario is highly linked with social media sites that are famous among the public highly. In some cases, it is observed that various companies are in the position to finish the age privacy term. With this strategy, social media sites can share their user`s information with third parties; this condition is harmful for the privacy of consumers in the market. With observance of â€Å"Terms and Conditions May Apply (2013)† documentary, people can understand that they should make certain their privacy at the time of usage of social media programs. This is possible with proper concentration of the public and this effort is also producing some favorable results in the communal way of life. According to â€Å"Terms and Conditions May Apply (2013)† people are unsatisfied about privacy policy of websites as this can be incursion any time. This matter is realizable with the consideration of different instances that are managed by arrangement of different interviews and discussions in the market. So, people should be careful in this matter and they should also observe privacy policy time by time. This technique is helpful to

The Use of Hiring Systems,does it help or hurt the organization Research Paper

The Use of Hiring Systems,does it help or hurt the organization - Research Paper Example The internet has changed and transformed the process of hiring candidates to fill positions by human resource departments across the world (Searle, 2003; Hansen, 1998). There is however a lack of exhaustive body of literature that can be used to draw conclusions and possibly a theoretical basis for electronic hiring, largely due to the fact that electronic hiring systems are relatively new. A review of the literature also indicates that some of the findings are contradictory. For example, Brooke (1998) states that use of e-recruiting leads to an overwhelming number of applicants that can end up making the selection process a headache, while Galanaki (2002) argues that the internet is not the first option for many job seekers; both of these are discussed as disadvantages. Bartram (2000) is of the view that electronic recruiting is beneficial since it enables a company to access high quality employees, while Kaydo and Cohen (1999) argue that electronic recruiting brings about large numbers of unqualified candidates for the available employment opportunity. To add on top of these, Galaniki (2002) details the time saving impact of electronic hiring whi le Mitchel (1998) is of the view that the amount of time spent in screening through the numerous electronic applications forms makes it a time consuming method. This indicates that more research is needed in order to develop concrete facts about electronic hiring systems and provide a direction for future research. The research question in this case is whether electronic hiring systems are advantageous or detrimental to an organization. The aim of this research is to establish the advantages and disadvantages of electronic recruiting to an organization, and come up with a conclusion that will add to the much needed efforts to create a theoretical framework for electronic hiring. Studies have already been done to establish the efficacy, benefits and drawbacks to electronic hiring systems;

Causes of crime in Great Britain and USA Assignment

Causes of crime in Great Britain and USA - Assignment Example United Sates and UK are some of the worst affected countries as far as criminal activities are concerned. Some people argue that poverty is the major reason behind increasing criminal activities. However, US and UK are two of the richest countries in the world and still crime rates increasing day by day in these countries. Cyber crime, burglary, organized crime, gun violence etc are some of the major criminal activities seen in United States and UK. â€Å"The UK government has published a report on February 17, 2011, concluding that the overall cost to the UK economy from cybercrime is  £27bn per year. Drug-related crime is estimated to cost the UK  £13.9 billion a year† (Cluely, 2011). On the other hand, â€Å"In 2006, the Internet Crime Complaint Center in America received and processed over 200,000 complaints. Total alleged dollar losses were more than $194 million†(Cyber crime Statistics, 2011). Cybercrime and burglary in UK and USA: Similarities and differences Cybercrime is one of the most modern crimes added to the list of organized criminal activities list. No country seems to be free from cyber crimes. Hardcore technology and online expertise are now available for rent and it is possible for even the unskilled antisocial elements to take these skills on rent basis for the execution of their criminal activities. In fact some of the organized cyber attacks which occurred in the recent times have surprised some of the highly technically skilled personnel. Kinetic weapons, power of electromagnetic energy, malicious computer code etc are some of the most common methods of cyber attacks employed by cyber terrorists. Botnets (vast numbers of compromised computers that have been infected with malicious code, and can be remotely-controlled through commands sent via the Internet) are another major tool for cybercrime, because of its effectiveness and the easiness in usage. America is facing more cyber attack threats from countries like China compared to United Kingdom. China wanted to outcast America from the superpower list and for that purpose; they are constantly engage in cyber espionage with America. China’s involvement in some of the recent cyber attacks on American computers was proved beyond doubt. The Times on 8 September 2007 reported that the Chinese military hackers have prepared a detailed plan to disable America’s aircraft battle carrier fleet with a devastating cyber attack, quoting a Pentagon report (The Times, 2007). Fox news on 24 March 2010 reported that the cyber attack on Google and US companies are part of suspected Chinese government operation (Fox News, 2010). In short, America is facing cyber crimes not only from individuals, but also from other countries as well. On the other hand, UK seems to be facing fewer threats from other countries as far as cyber espionage is concerned. In fact China and America are the two countries accused of spreading cyber espionage because of their superior technologies in IT and computer sectors. Cluely, (2011) has pointed out that total money losses in cyber crimes in UK has already crossed the ?27 billion per year.- ?9.2 billion comes from theft of intellectual propert

People's lives continue to be shaped in the main by social Essay

People's lives continue to be shaped in the main by social structures'. Discuss this view, drawing on material from at the least three blocks of DD100 in your answer - Essay Example tity of a man is not only vital representation of his self but it is also medium that significantly contributes to a knowledge base that others can instantly access to have a general idea of their orientation towards conflicts and other relevant issues. The social construction of human identity thus becomes the most important element which significantly impacts people’s lives. Construction of social structures and social identities are often influenced by hordes of issues, which are defined by individual ideology, group representation, professional competencies, intercultural compulsions etc. which facilitate better understanding and access to networking with organizations and groups in order to avail the emerging opportunities for their personal and professional growth. Thus giving rise to behavioural pattern of the people that directly correlates with the values and value system of the person and his environment. There are various means through which persons imbibe the values that they carry all through their life. Some of them may be through the socio-religious culture that they follow while others might be acquired through changing paradigms of the work environment that is in perpetual influx. A person identified as student, as American or as an artisan etc. can proclaim certain privileges that are associated with that particular identity. ‘Identities are produced in a social context, but through individuals thinking about what links them to the social world†¦ Symbols and representations are important in the production of identities. This is how we signal our identities to others and how we know which people we identify with.’ (Woodward, 2004, p.12). Social construction is a distributed network of human relationship with respect to its environment. The role of religion in the life of a man is one of the most important facet that has long lasting effect not only on an individual’s life but its influence can be observed as a kaleidoscope of mixed

The Use of Hiring Systems,does it help or hurt the organization Research Paper

The Use of Hiring Systems,does it help or hurt the organization - Research Paper Example The internet has changed and transformed the process of hiring candidates to fill positions by human resource departments across the world (Searle, 2003; Hansen, 1998). There is however a lack of exhaustive body of literature that can be used to draw conclusions and possibly a theoretical basis for electronic hiring, largely due to the fact that electronic hiring systems are relatively new. A review of the literature also indicates that some of the findings are contradictory. For example, Brooke (1998) states that use of e-recruiting leads to an overwhelming number of applicants that can end up making the selection process a headache, while Galanaki (2002) argues that the internet is not the first option for many job seekers; both of these are discussed as disadvantages. Bartram (2000) is of the view that electronic recruiting is beneficial since it enables a company to access high quality employees, while Kaydo and Cohen (1999) argue that electronic recruiting brings about large numbers of unqualified candidates for the available employment opportunity. To add on top of these, Galaniki (2002) details the time saving impact of electronic hiring whi le Mitchel (1998) is of the view that the amount of time spent in screening through the numerous electronic applications forms makes it a time consuming method. This indicates that more research is needed in order to develop concrete facts about electronic hiring systems and provide a direction for future research. The research question in this case is whether electronic hiring systems are advantageous or detrimental to an organization. The aim of this research is to establish the advantages and disadvantages of electronic recruiting to an organization, and come up with a conclusion that will add to the much needed efforts to create a theoretical framework for electronic hiring. Studies have already been done to establish the efficacy, benefits and drawbacks to electronic hiring systems;

People's lives continue to be shaped in the main by social Essay

People's lives continue to be shaped in the main by social structures'. Discuss this view, drawing on material from at the least three blocks of DD100 in your answer - Essay Example tity of a man is not only vital representation of his self but it is also medium that significantly contributes to a knowledge base that others can instantly access to have a general idea of their orientation towards conflicts and other relevant issues. The social construction of human identity thus becomes the most important element which significantly impacts people’s lives. Construction of social structures and social identities are often influenced by hordes of issues, which are defined by individual ideology, group representation, professional competencies, intercultural compulsions etc. which facilitate better understanding and access to networking with organizations and groups in order to avail the emerging opportunities for their personal and professional growth. Thus giving rise to behavioural pattern of the people that directly correlates with the values and value system of the person and his environment. There are various means through which persons imbibe the values that they carry all through their life. Some of them may be through the socio-religious culture that they follow while others might be acquired through changing paradigms of the work environment that is in perpetual influx. A person identified as student, as American or as an artisan etc. can proclaim certain privileges that are associated with that particular identity. ‘Identities are produced in a social context, but through individuals thinking about what links them to the social world†¦ Symbols and representations are important in the production of identities. This is how we signal our identities to others and how we know which people we identify with.’ (Woodward, 2004, p.12). Social construction is a distributed network of human relationship with respect to its environment. The role of religion in the life of a man is one of the most important facet that has long lasting effect not only on an individual’s life but its influence can be observed as a kaleidoscope of mixed

Computer Information Specialist Essay Example for Free

Computer Information Specialist Essay Computer Information Specialist, Inc. (CIS) filed a protest of the award of a contract to Open Technology Group, Inc. (OTG). CIS responded to a request for proposals (RFP) No. NLM-030101/SAN by the Department of Health and Human Services for telecommunications support services at the agency’s Bethesda, Maryland facility. The solicitation specified a requirements contract with fixed hourly rates for a base year with four 1-year options. The agency intended to award the contract based on â€Å"best value† with several non-price criteria as the most heavily weighted factors. Proposals were to include fully-loaded, fixed hourly rates for labor categories. The agency received numerous proposals and established a competitive range of four firms after initial evaluation. The range included CIS as well as OTG the eventual awardee. Following the contract award to OTG; CIS underwent an agency debrief and subsequently filed a protest asserting that both its proposal and the proposal of OTG were misevaluated. Issues Agencies are required to evaluate proposals based solely on the evaluation factors identified in the solicitation. Furthermore, according to Federal Acquisition Regulations, they must adequately document the reasons for their evaluation conclusions (FAR § 15.308). GAO recommended to the agency was to, at a minimum reevaluate both proposals to ascertain if they were evaluated based on the evaluation factors and to determine if adequate rationale were articulated. Decisions (Holdings) Anthony H. Gamboa, General Counsel wrote the recommendation. The protest was sustained. Reasoning (Rationale)   GAO concluded that the Department of Health and Human Services misevaluated the proposals of both CIS and OTG, contract awardee. In addition, they found that the agency’s misevaluation was prejudicial to CIS, â€Å"since there is a reasonable possibility that, but for the agency’s errors, CIS might have been selected for award notwithstanding its higher price.† Separate Opinions No dissenting opinion was published with GAO’s decision. Analysis GAO analyzed the proposals from both CIS and OTG against the RFP’s stated evaluation criteria. The Department of Health and Human Services’ source selection team consisted of five evaluators. In the case of the proposal by CIS, the initial evaluation criticized the proposal for not offering personnel that met all of the solicitation minimum personnel experience requirements. CIS revised their proposal to cure this deficiency. In further evaluation, four of the five evaluators scored this area higher than the initial proposal. However, the fifth evaluator scored the proposal dramatically differently. In the first evaluation, only cursory notes were provided to support conclusions. In the second evaluation, most evaluators still provided limited support. However, the fifth evaluator provided comments. Many of the comments were either inaccurate or held not relation to evaluation criteria. With regard to the OTG proposal, GAO determined that the solicitation failed to meet two of the evaluation criteria and should not have been accepted in the competitive range. It was also recommended that the agency terminate the contract awarded to OTG for the convenience of the government and make award to the firm found to be in line for award. Furthermore CIS was to be reimbursed all costs associated with the protest to include legal fees.

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Philosophy of artificial intelligence State and explain Lucass argument against the possibility of AI. what do you think is the best reply to Lucas argument? GÃ ¶del suggested that the mind was a computerised mechanism. He suggested that the mind was merely a formulation of logic that was associated with a system and structure of language as representative of the world. This implied that intelligence was a learning process that was based upon accepting and rejecting hypothesis about the world through a set of formula that was deemed either provable or un-provable within the system of logic (GÃ ¶del, 1934). This idea was backed up by cognitive research based upon the human capacity and nature of learning. Bruner et al, devised a test to see how it was the human mind constructed categories of logic, believing it to be by way of GÃ ¶del’s hypothesis acceptance and rejection (Bruner et al, 1956). He used a variety of shapes in a variety of conditions some sharing the same number of shapes, some sharing the same colour of shapes and some sharing the same number of borders surrounding the shapes. From the results of his experiment, B runer claimed that ther were two forms of learning that were apparent. These were regarded as successive scanning, which entertained one hypothesis at a time and conservative scanning, which sought to eliminate classes of hypotheses such as border, number of shapes and colour similarity and dissimilarity (Bruner et al, 1956). This growing belief in the mind as a mathematic translator of the meaning of experience provided the foundation for Turing who surmised that artificial intelligence was a form of intelligence that could learn according to the coded principles of mathematic equations and could be understood as mimicry of human behaviour. He subsequently suggested that responses through a rejection and acceptance of truths that accords to the conceptual framework were all that the human mind consisted of. This idea of the mind as a programmed agent, rejecting the truths of logical and mathematic equations was fundamental to GÃ ¶del. To GÃ ¶del, the structural reality that an in telligent being saw before i implied that Artificial intelligence could be created in accordance to that structure and that human life, or perhaps experiential living, was merely a reaction to certain stimuli based upon a structural code of predetermined logic just as it is with a computer simulation. Unhappy at this model of the cognitive mind or with the notion of intelligence as being founded upon formula and theorem, J.R. Lucas, argued that GÃ ¶dels theorem posed many problems in his view that the mind was like a computer. Speaking of the limitations that the quantitative artificial brain may encounter in terms of acceptance and un-acceptance of certain truths according to its programming, Lucas suggested that ‘All that GÃ ¶del has proved is that a mind cannot produce a formal proof of the consistency of a formal system inside the system itself: but there is no objection to going outside the system and no objection to producing informal arguments for the consistency either of a formal system or of something less formal and less systematized. Such informal arguments will not be able to be completely formalized: but then the whole tenor of GÃ ¶dels results is that we ought not to ask, and cannot obtain, complete formalization.’ (Lucas, 1961) Rationale was provided for Lucas’s approach with the development of the Chinese room experiment by Searle. Searle indicated that even though an artificial intelligence could recognise, incorporate and subsequently mimic the external behaviours required to appear human (or emotionally intelligent) that this did not necessarily indicate any evidence of an awareness of what this behaviour meant or symbolised to other humans in essence, it did not understand the true human meaning. He used the example of an English speaking human going inside the mechanical mind of a robot and using certain symbols as a coded ’representative’ for the instruction of an unknown language i.e. Chinese (Searle, 1980). He then indicated that although the human had a form of code to illicit a response to the language of Chinese he did not actually know what the meaning or significance of what he was doing related to. Essentially, it was simply a response according toa pre programmed code. Following this criticisms of artificial intelligence as a mechanical process involving a pre programmed innate knowledge of the environment and of human behaviour which had led to Searle‘s Chinese room experiment, Lucas reasoned that, ‘Complexity often does introduce qualitative differences. Although it sounds implausible, it might turn out that above a certain level of complexity, a machine ceased to be predictable, even in principle, and started doing things on its own account, or, to use a very revealing phrase, it might begin to have a mind of its own. It might begin to have a mind of its own. It would begin to have a mind of its own when it was no longer entirely predictable and entirely docile, but was capable of doing things which we recognized as intelligent, and not just mistakes or random shots, but which we had not programmed into it.’ (Lucas, 1961) This seems to define what is human and what is machine. For Lucas, he does not dispute the theoretical idea that artificial intelligence can become as like humans. However, he does make the distinction between a mechanical automaton and an autonomous mind that thinks free of systematic code that perceives experience through an acceptance of logical truths and rejection of unfounded abstraction. Bringing into context the notion of the human mind as being a determinant for the structure of knowledge rather than a logical interpreter of that knowledge, Lucas reasoned that if, unlike Turing had suggested, a mechanical mind could begin to think free of it‘s programmed code then, ‘It would cease to be a machine, within the meaning of the act. What is at stake in the mechanist debate is not how minds are, or might be, brought into being, but how they operate. It is essential for the mechanist thesis that the mechanical model of the mind shall operate according to mechanical principles, that is, that we can understand the operation of the whole in terms of the operations of its parts, and the operation of each part either shall be determined by its initial state and the construction of the machine, or shall be a random choice between a determinate number of determinate operations’ (Lucas, 1961) However, although his argument backed up by Searle’s Chinese room experiment gave reasonable rationale for a rejection of a mechanical intelligence based upon the ability of the subject to see outside of a logical structure, which was not necessarily pre determined or pre programmed, it did accord to the sentimental notion of liberal humanity. In reaction to this notion French philosopher Jean Baudrillard noted some crucial factors in the reality of humanities cultural condition that could be seen as contradicting this liberal freedom that Lucas prescribed. Suggesting that the current moral reality that figured as so crucial to Lucas’ rationale, was being replaced by ‘a hedonistic morality of pure satisfaction, like a new state of nature at the heart of hyper civilisation’ Baudrillard prescribed the notion of the hyper real as being a simulation that was beyond that of a logical code that applied to a structure of knowledge and instead deterred from idelogi cal frameworks that informed a notion of liberal humanity (Baudrillard, 1968, p.3). He suggested that, ‘A whole imagery based on contact, a sensory mimicry and a tactile mysticism, basically ecology in its entirety, comes to be grafted on to this universe of operational simulation, multi-stimulation and multi response. This incessant test of successful adaptation is naturalised by assimilating it to animal mimicry. , and even to the Indians with their innate sense of ecology tropisms, mimicry, and empathy: the ecological evangelism of open systems, with positive or negative feedback, will be engulfed in this breach, with an ideology of regulation with information that is only an avatar, in accordance of a more flexible patter.’ (Baudrillard, 1976, p.9) However, what Baudrillard does is implement the idea of a simulated code that works by replacing the notion of humanistic ideology that once informed the gap sophisticated and complex gap between the subject and the environment, such as social exchange and communal ideas. By doing this Baudrillard then shows gave example of how this simulated code informed a new humanity and shaped intelligence to be un-conformist to a life according to the meaning supported by the notion of humanity, but instead created an imaginary life that was understood and identified with by its relationship to the values apparent within an external code being communed essentially, placing life itself as a simulated relationship of the subject and his / her own choice of object. This meant that essentially the human emphasis on the mysteries of the human mind emphasised by Lucas were just as questionable and as determinist as the artificial intelligence that GÃ ¶del prescribed. This can be seen as the fundame ntaly crucial contemporary reply to Lucas’ argument for artificial intelligence. Bibliography Baudrillard, J., (1976) Symbolic Exchange and Death Taken from: The Order of Simulacra (1993) London: Sage. Bruner, J, S., Goodnow, J, J., and Austin, G, A., (1956) A Study of Thinking New York: John Wiley and Sons. GÃ ¶del (1934) Original Proof Applies Taken from his Lectures at the Institute of Advanced Study, New Jersey: Princeton. Lucas, J, R., (1961) Minds, Machines, and Godel Philosophy, 36, 112-127. Searle, J, R,. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 3, (3), 417-457. Turing, A, M., (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind, pp. 433-60, reprinted in The World of Mathematics, edited by James R. Newmann, pp. 2099-2123.

Pikionis Architect (Spanish) :: Spanish Language Essays

1- BIOGRAFIA 1887 Nace en El Pireo. Hijo de Petros Pikionis y Maria Syriotis. 1908 Se gradà ºa en la Universidad Tecnica Nacional, con el tà ­tulo de Ingieniero Civil. En Munich, estudia dibujo a mano alzada y escultura. Cezanne lo conduce a Paris. 1909/ Vive en Parà ­s 1912 Vuelve a Grecia. Pinta y completa su educacià ³n en Arquitectura. Realiza dibujos de la Arquitectura popular de Aegina. 1921 Construye su primera casa, intentando implementar as ideas que ha formulado en ese tiempo. Casa F.Moraitis, en –tzitzifies, Neo Faliro (posteriormente demolida). 1925 Construye su segunda casa. Casa Karamanos, en la calle Irakleiou 1 (posteriormente demolida). 1929 Pasa tres meses en el estudio sobre el terreno de la Arquitectura popular en Chios, con el proposito de producir un ensayo en francà ©s sobre la Arquitectura urbana de la isla. 1932 Obra: Escuela Primaria de Pefkakia, el Licabetto. 1935 Despuà ©s de este momento, ocurre un cambio en sus conceptos està ©ticos: piensa en las maneras de combinar un espà ­ritu universal con uno nacional. Todos sus proyectos arquitectà ³nicos estarà ¡n basados en este concepto. Obras: Escuela Experimental de Tesalà ³nica. Bloque de Apartamentos en la calle Heyden. 1935/ Publica el perià ³dico â€Å"El tercer ojo†, con Hatzikyriakaos-Ghikas. 1941 Nacimiento de su quinta hija, Agni, la menor. 1943 Es elegido como Profesor Titular de la Universidad Tà ©cnica nacional. 1949 Participa, junto a estudiantes de la Universidad, en un viaje educativo por Egipto. Obras: Casa y Estudio para la escultora F.Efthymiadou (calle Grypari 10, Patisia). 1950/ Participa, junto a estudiantes de la Universidad, en un viaje educativo por Constantinopla, Paris, Italia y Alemania. 1957 Aixioni: dibujos para un modelo de asentamiento griego de casas. Obras: Hotel Xenia Delfos. Residencia C. Potamianos, Filothei. Tratamiento del paisaje de à ¡rea arqueologica alrededor de la Acrà ³polis y de las colinas de Philopappus. Pabellà ³n del Turista, en San Demetrius Loumbardiaris. 1958 Se retira, despà ©s de haber eseà ±ado durante treinta y cinco aà ±os en la Universidad Tà ©cnica Nacional. 1961 Es elegido, por unanimidad, miembro de la Academia de Bella Artes de Munich. Obras: Casa A. Garis, Psychiko. Supervisià ³n de planos y de la Construccià ³n del Jardin de Juegos para nià ±os, Filothei. 1966 Pasa ocho meses en Estados Unidos, debido al estado de salud de su esposa. Reside en Boston y visita Nueva York. 1968 Muere en Atenas, 28 de Agosto. 2- TEORIA Y PENSAMIENTO La arquitectura de Pikionis esta determinada por el lugar y la historia. Pikionis entiende la arquitectura como la modificacià ³n de la naturaleza que el hombre produce al asentarse en esta, no pretende naturalizar las formas de la arquitectura sino una vinculacià ³n entre la arquitectura, pasado y paisaje. - PASADO E HISTORIA: frente a la ideologà ­a del movimiento moderno dominante de su à ©poca, Pikionis fue un arquitecto innovador que fue capaz de relacionar historia y tradicià ³n y ponerlas en valor en su à ©poca.

PCI Compliance Essay -- PCI DSS Credit Card Fraud Security

What is PCI Compliance? PCI Compliance is maintaining adherence to the PCI DSS standard that was developed by major credit card companies as a â€Å"guideline to help prevent credit card fraud† ("PCI DSS"). Credit card fraud has taken the spotlight in the past several years due to the massive growth of e-commerce and online transaction processing. With the proliferation of e-businesses, it has become easier than ever to commit fraud over the internet. Major credit card issuers such as MasterCard, Visa, American Express, Discover, and JCB International joined together to create a standard known as PCI DSS or Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. In order to process credit card payments merchants and vendors are required to be compliant with the standard based on the Merchant Level of the organization. This standard was created in response to a dramatic rise in credit card data breaches at many high-profile organizations. This standard defines a set of twelve requirements for compliance. In order to validate a company is in compliance with the PCI Data Security Standard, large organizations are audited by external auditors that are PCI Qualified Security Assessors (QSAs). Smaller companies that process less than 80,000 transactions per year are allowed to perform a self-assessment questionnaire, which determines if the merchant is within compliance. Who owns the PCI Data Security Standard? In June of 2005, these five major credit card issues came together and founded the PCI Security Council. The main purpose of the PCI Security Council was to create, own, and manage the PCI Data Security Standard for credit card data. However, the PCI Security Council is not a policing organization and does not enforce PCI... ...g merchant account is PCI DSS compliant? Is sensitive information being stored? How safe is your data? Works Cited "An Introduction to PCI Compliance." PCIComplianceGuide.org. 2008. PCI Compliance Guide.org. 17 Apr 2008 . McCarthy, Caroline. "T.J. Maxx parent company sued in credit card hack probe." CNET News. 21 Mar 2007. CNETNews.com. 17 Apr 2008 . "PCI DSS." Wikipedia. 5 Apr 2008. Wikipedia. 5 Apr 2008 . Vijayan, Jaikumar. "Minnesota becomes first state to make core PCI requirement a law." ComputerWorld.org. 23 May 2007. Computer World.org. 4 Apr 2008 .

Advantages and disadvantage of Going Green Essay

The major advantage, undoubtedly, is that the use of green technology reduces the pollution of the environment. The damage that is usually done to the environment when hotels use diesel products is very catastrophic. Diesel products emit a lot of hydrocarbons into the air that cause global warming, which is known to hamper marine life and make some species of the marine bio diversity extinct. However this can be avoided if the industry adopts green technology. The industry has also come alive to the fact that ecotourism is a major attraction to many people who want to conserve the world we live in. People appreciate and value those involved in environmental conservation and majority like being associated with them. The adoption of green technology by the hospitality industry improves the public image that people have towards the industry. The world today is doing everything to combat global warming which is seen as a major threat to future earnings of almost each sector in the global economy. Tax Savings Significant federal tax benefits are associated with going green and several deductions apply for the cost of energy-efficient improvements. Some states also give green building tax credits. Reduced Costs One of the main benefits of hotels going green is that business owners get to considerably lower their operating costs. By turning environmentally friendly, hotels can see a 30 percent reduction in their costs.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Disadvantages: Potential clients may not believe that green design can be luxurious. (â€Å"Just because you’re green doesn’t mean you don’t have a particular style, or can’t produce a certain luxury. People are starting to understand that, but it was a real hurdle.†-Lori Dennis, a Los Angeles-based interior designer) Sourcing furniture, fixtures, and materials is more work. Even though options are improving, â€Å"the range of choices is narrower, and you’re doing more work,† to find everything from energy efficient lighting to low-flow faucets to natural upholstery fabrics. (Lori Dennis, a Los Angeles-based interior designer) When you can’t find what you want, you have to make it yourself. â€Å"That’s a con, because it’s a lot of work, but it’s also a pro, because it’s fun and, before you know it, you’ve designed a whole new product range.†(Lori Dennis, a Los Angeles-based interior designer)