The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie free essay sample

The Chronic Condition of Hispanic High School Free Essays

string(69) can be clarified by Hofstede ‘s Model of Cultural Dimensions. Presentation The arrival of the 2010 U.S. Statistics outcomes a month ago uncovered an adjusting face for the state. We will compose a custom paper test on The Chronic Condition of Hispanic High School or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Driven by the 43 % developing of the two Hispanics and Asians over the past decennary, social minorities will go the new populace mass in the accompanying 30-40 mature ages ( U.S. Registration Bureau, 2011 ) . Lamentably, what has non changed is the overwhelming secondary school dropout rate for Hispanics. Since the 1970s, the Latino dropout rate has been deliberately among the most noticeably terrible of all populace gatherings, top trip each piece high as 35 % , to an ongoing melancholy of 18.3 % in 2008 ( National Center for Education Statistics [ NCES ] , 2010 ) . This rate is more than twice that of African Americans and around three-times higher than Whites and Asians. Albeit other social minority bunches have made significant headway in the course of the last three decennaries, Hispanics keep on remaining at the truly underside of the guidance stepping stool. The writing refers to numerous reason for the over the top Latino dropout rates ( a ) hapless English achievements making etymological correspondence hindrances with educators and school functionaries ; ( B ) financial elements ; numerous Latino family units live in poverty and need understudies ‘ pay ; ( degree Celsius ) less capacity hypothetical records resulting in least tutoring possibilities ; ( nutrient D ) challenges connecting with teachers ( phonetic correspondence, human advancement, and so forth ) which makes students experience undesirable and makes them lose contribution ; ( nutrient E ) huge per centum of Spanish americans are transitory laborers and thus, a progressively transeunt populace ; and ( degree Fahrenheit ) guardians lack of commitment in their children ‘s instructive turn of events. Despite the fact that the articles investigated in this review discovered that numerous components added to these hapless results, they do n’t focus on an individual, significant reason for the unreasonable dropout rates. On the other hand they reason that these components, or a blend of them, sway Latino students ‘ want to go forward school early. The writing proposes by and by that a significant, if non the a large portion of import, ground for dropping out is the finishing up factor recorded over, the nonattendance of Latino guardians ‘ commitment in the students ‘ larning technique. Tragically, there is non sufficient research on why Latino guardians are non each piece required as different gatherings, so more remote examination is required. Since this is by all accounts a less surveyed nation, I have chosen to look further into the issue and research potential grounds why Latino guardians do non partake in their children ‘s tutoring. This is an of import subject since family unit is cardinal to the Latino development. Youngsters are close to their family units and to the networks they live in, so more parent commitment can be a significant measure in helping with the keeping of these understudies. Moreover, I think using the model from Hofstede ‘s Model of Cultural Dimensions for estimating human advancements may help explain grounds why Spanish americans are non progressively associated with their children ‘s instructive exercises. All the more explicitly, apparently the force separation esteem measurement of national human advancement could be a factor that keeps Hispanics from focusing on guidance to better their place in the public arena. Force separation portrays the degree to which less amazing individuals from a general public ( like the family unit ) acknowledge and expect that power in foundations and associations is disseminated unevenly. This conduct recommends that a human advancement ‘s capacity of disparity is supported by both the followings and the pioneers. A high assessment on influence separation implies that huge disparities of influence and riches exist and are endured in the development, as in a classification or station framework that d emoralizes upward versatility. A majority of the Hispanics who move to the U.S. to look for work are from Mexico which has a truly elevated assessment in the force separation social measurement. Truth be told, Mexico is positioned in the best five of high force separation states known to man ( Robbins A ; Judge, 2010 ) . Essentialness of Study This issue is significant in light of the fact that U.S. socioeconomics are adjusting drastically in this state. Hispanics speak to one of the quickest turning segments of the populace. Fitting to the 2010 Census Brief, the Hispanic populace was about 50.5 million, which was around 16 % of the general U.S. populace of 308 million ( U.S. Evaluation Bureau, 2011 ) .The figure of Hispanics has become around 43 % since 2000, and represented around 55 % of the whole state ‘s developing during that equivalent ten-year time frame. This is in excess of multiple times the developing pace of the whole populace of 9.7 % . In the event that the present inclination proceeds, the number of inhabitants in the United States will lift to around 438 million of every 2050, with Hispanics trebling in size and representing the majority of the state ‘s populace developing. At that cut, the Latino populace is evaluated to be around 127 million or roughly 29 % of the whole U.S. populace ( U.S. R egistration Bureau, 2009 ) . With schools right away to be overburdened with this tremendous developing of Latino understudies, the United States has no pick yet to go to the secondary school dropout emergency for two significant grounds. First of completely, the financial cost both existent and conceivable is reeling. Over their life-times, secondary school dropouts win about $ 400,000 less, have higher joblessness rates, and less fortunate health than alumnuss. The dropouts from the Class of 2008 alone will be the state more than $ 319 billion in lost prizes and over $ 17 billion in Medicaid and consumptions for uninsured health consideration over an amazing class times ( AEE, February 2009 ) . The second ground is the dropout emergency could affect the state ‘s position as a universe force to be reckoned with. With Hispanics and other social minority bunches going the greater part of the U.S. populace in the accompanying two decennaries, the conceivable exists for an undereducated work power which may n on have the option to compete in a planetary monetary framework, especially with the expanded point of convergence on building. The purpose of this exploratory study is to put potential reason for Latino guardians ‘ lack of commitment in their children ‘s obtaining technique which adds to unreasonable secondary school dropout rates and to other than find in the event that it very well may be clarified by Hofstede ‘s Model of Cultural Dimensions. You read The Chronic Condition of Hispanic High School in classification Paper models Reappraisal of the Literature There is no request that understudies play the essential capacity while doing the assurance to drop out of secondary school, however for the expectations of this overview, the boss point of convergence was on outside impacts to the activity. In spite of the fact that the significant reason for this paper is to take a gander at justification for guardians ‘ inadequacy of commitment in their children ‘s guidance, the writing uncovered various subjects which were gathered into three dropout factors: ( a ) ecological, ( B ) educational system, and ( degree Celsius ) parental commitment. These classs will be taken a gander at right away, yet first it is important to discover if the dropout rate is each piece high as publicized. Numerous measurements isolate U.S. conceived dropouts from remote conceived, condition of starting or generational degree. Fry ( â€Å" High School Dropout Ratess, † 2003 ) states that computing dropout rates for Hispanics is a tangled strategy in light of the fact that each piece numerous as 33 % are remote conceived, and their conditions of starting have a lot of lower paces of auxiliary school consummation than the U.S. As an outcome, many are non scholastically arranged to come in U.S. secondary schools, so they battle lastly drop out, or in certain occasions ne’er select. Besides, Fry brings up that a large number of these workers have truly constrained communicated in English capacities and most do non infer English expressiveness until age 16. By that cut, they are so a long ways behind they face miserable chances of getting up to speed and either willfully dot out, or plug up meeting age limitations that constrain them out. In a subsequent study by Fry ( â€Å" Hispanic Youth Droping out of U.S. Schools, † 2003 ) , he presumed that the whole Hispanic secondary school dropout pace of 21 % distributed in 2000, was exaggerated. This came about because of the lumping together of three subgroups of Latino youthful people ( a ) the local Born, ( B ) remote conceived who go to U.S. schools, and ( degree Celsius ) outside conceived who emigrate mainly for work and do non engrave in U.S. schools. At the point when the initial two classs are analyzed exclusively, the rate becomes 15 % . In spite of the fact that this is well littler, it is still twice every piece high as the dropout rate for practically identical non-Hispanic Whites. Practically all developing in the figure of U.S. teenagers over the accompanying 20 mature ages will be Latino, so it is basic that this negative inclination is turned around. Regardless of how the dropout per centums are cut and diced, the main concern is if Latino youthful p eople are populating in the United States, independent of class, they all should be checked towards the general dropout rate with the goal that the activity can be tended to all in all. The accompanying measure is to take a gander at the subjects that created in the writing. Natural Issues that Contribute to the Dropout Rate Reyes ‘ ( 1993 ) review followed up on low and high risk Hispanic secondary school understudies a twelvemonth after their normal graduation rate. She found that okay understudies finished school at an a lot higher rate than high risk students. She so taken a gander at one of the significant grounds that lead to class disappointment for juvenile Hispanics ; explicitly, their introduction to army frightening life even

Leadership and The Contingency Theory

Leadership and The Contingency Theory Leadership has always been discussed at length and the various theories compared for their strengths and weaknesses.Ultimately, and going by the number of theories proposed, it is evident that there is no perfect theory which can be used to explain the best way of going about leadership.One thing however is largely agreed upon, although still with some critics allowed to disagree. Leadership is not all about the leader in the sense that someone can be a perfect leader. The situation greatly influences his effectiveness.In view of this, one of the theories of leadership is the contingency theory. Because you obviously know what leadership is, what of the contingency theory of leadership?CONTINGENCY THEORIESContingency theories primarily focus on the context of leadership. They look at the effects of the situation on the success of a leader. Put differently, the propose that a leader’s effectiveness is heavily determined by the situation he is in.This does not mean that they complete ly disregard the leader’s personality. They consider it but not as the most important factor determining the success of the leader.There are various theories classified as contingency theories. These are discussed below.Fiedler’s contingency theoryFred Fiedler was an Austrian-born American psychologist who was involved in industrial and organizational psychology. From his research, he found that personalities alone could not effectively help pick a leader. He realized that the situation in which a leader was, greatly determined his success.He referred to the leader’s personality as the ‘leadership style’ and the situation as the ‘situational favorableness.’ To identify a suitable leader for a given situation, these two aspects would have to be considered.For the leadership style, Fiedler came up with a scale he called the Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) scale.This scale considers several traits of co-workers a leader would not want to work with. As a leader, this is th e person you feel would make it difficult to succeed if working with. An example of the scale is shown below.Unfriendly1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8FriendlyUnpleasant1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8PleasantRejecting1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8AcceptingTense1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8RelaxedCold1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8WarmBoring1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8InterestingBackbiting1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8LoyalUncooperative1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8CooperativeHostile1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8SupportiveGuarded1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8OpenInsincere1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8SincereUnkind1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8KindInconsiderate1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8ConsiderateUntrustworthy1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8TrustworthyGloomy1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8CheerfulQuarrelsome1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8HarmoniousSource: Table from A Theory of Leadership Eff ectiveness  by Professor F.E. Fiedler. © 1967.  You would select the rating of how willing you would be to work with people who had the given traits. At the end of the exercise, all scores are added together. According to Fiedler, the total score could tell whether you are task oriented or people oriented.If after this exercise you got a Low score (Low LPC), it means that you are more task-oriented. You would therefore perform very well in situations where it was critical that the job gets done. You rarely focus on building relationships but are good at organizing teams to tackle work problems quickly.Higher scores (High LPC) mean that you are more people-oriented. You have a keen eye for building relationships and are good at maintaining harmony and dealing with complex situations.When it comes to situational favorableness, there are three factors to be considered. These are:1. Leader-Member Relations â€" this is a look at how well you are relating with your followers. If you are in good relation terms with them and they trust you, then the situation is favorable.Watch the below video for insight on the importance of good leader-follower relations.2. Task Structure â€" this is the structure and clarity of the task at hand. If the task is one that is well understood, then the situation is favorable. Otherwise, it is unlikely that you will be successful.3. Leader’s Positional Power â€" this is the amount of power that you have over your followers. Power is all about your ability to provide reward or punishment. More power enables you to have significant influence over your followers. If you have more power, then things will work out in your favor. Your positional power is either strong or weak.Having these two factors considered, they are put together to determine who would be best placed to lead a group at a certain time. Everything combines as per the table below.Leader-Member RelationsTask StructureLeaders Position PowerMost Effective LeaderGoodStructured StrongLow LPCGoodStructuredWeakLow LPCGoodUnstructuredStrongLow LPCGoodUnstructuredWeakHigh LPCPoorStructuredStrongHigh LPCPoorStructuredWeakHigh LPCPoorUnstructuredStrongHigh LPCPoorUnstructuredWeakLow LPCBreakdown of Most Effective Leader StyleSource: Table from A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness  by Professor F.E. Fiedler. © 1967.  An example application would be the scenario of a new project where your team is supposed to design a machine. You have not worked with this team for more than two months and know that you aren’t normally open with them. The leader-member relations are therefore poor.The amount of information you have about the requirements is not enough thus the task is unstructured. However, you have strong positional power which you can use to direct the team. In this scenario, you would be the best kind of leader if you are a High LPC leader.Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theoryThis is also referred to as the situational leadership model. It is mainly determined by the level of maturity of your followers. The maturity level of your followers is determined by their task skills and motivation.Task skills â€" this is the ability for your followers to complete tasks using the skills they have. If their task skills are low, then you will have to impart some knowledge into them.Motivation â€" this is a measure of the amount of enthusiasm your followers have for finishing tasks. If their motivation is high, then you will not have much work trying to convince them of the importance of staying on course.On the other hand, they could be less motivated towards working. In such situations, you will have to put in some effort in order to ensure the whole team flows in unity.Motivation and Task skills are used to form four distinct levels of readiness for the work. These levels are also called the levels of maturity. They are:M1 â€" your team members lack the skills and motivation to complete the task.M2 â€" your team members have the motivat ion for the work but lack the necessary skills.M3 â€" team members have the required skills but lack the motivation to complete the task.M4 â€" team members are both skilled and highly motivated to complete the task.Also to be considered are the leadership styles. These are defined as:Telling/Directing (S1) â€" under this leadership style, as the leader, you are mainly giving commands and instructions. There is little input from your followers as communication is usually one-way.Selling/Coaching (S2) â€" with selling, there is more interactions between you and your followers. The way in which you get involved in the work is by providing direction and guidance. This makes it easy for your followers to engage with your although you are still the one calling the shots.Participating/Supporting (S3) â€" this is a situation where you value relationships highly. As a result, you ensure that work is done in teams where interactions will be possible. As the leader, you will work together wit h the various teams, thus the name participating.Delegating (S4) â€" when you have complete trust in your followers whom you have trained, you can give them tasks to work on and be sure they will do a great job. As you trust them more and more, you give them responsibilities and delegate more tasks. This helps them become better.The below illustration shows the maturity levels and the leadership style that is best for a given situation. Source: Developing PotentialPath-Goal theoryThis theory looks at the leader’s style but puts emphasis on the results coming from the followers. The leader is viewed more like a source of inspiration who can influence his followers to complete the job. The theory was introduced by Martin G. Evans (1970) and further developed by Robert House (1971).This theory is based on the expectancy theory by Victor Vroom (1964) which essentially states that people always act according to the reward expected. If they believe that what they are told to do will pay off, and the reward is something they value, then they will put in the effort.As a leader using the path-goal model, you have the basic responsibility of motivating your followers and giving them an assurance of their expectations. You will need to analyze the needs of your followers and adjust accordingly so as to be in a position to effectively engage and motivate them.The processes in this style of leadership are:1. Determine the empl oyee and environmental variables â€" these are the factors to be considered before deciding on which style of leadership to use. Obstacles which may arise in the course of the work may require your intervention if they are too big for your followers.2. Select a leadership style â€" this is the main area of work for the leader as he is the real variable. Although the followers are being guided on the best way to succeed, you are the one expected to change your style accordingly. Four leadership styles have been proposed by this model:Directive â€" you give directions on what needs to be done, how it’s to be done and develop schedules for the work.Supportive â€" you provide support for your team to make their work less burdensome. Being supportive, you are approachable and ready to get involved in assisting where necessary.Participative â€" this requires you to engage your followers before making decisions on how best to proceed from one stage of the task to another.Achievement â€" you set goals for your team and express confidence in their abilities to perform and deliver the required results.3. Focus on motivating your followers â€" motivating followers is at the heart of this model. As a leader, your eyes are definitely on the prize/goal. But that ultimate goal is being achieved through the effort of your followers. To ensure they stay on course, especially in a big project or difficult task, consistent motivation is needed.Vroomâ€"Yetton contingency modelThis is also referred to as the decision-making model. Decision making is key in leadership and to a large extent, determines the relations between the leader and the followers. This relation has an impact on the leader’s success.Leaders make decisions differently. Yet, being a contingency theory, situations still have a lot of influence over how a leader makes decisions.This theory differentiates between five types of leadership styles. They are primarily three but two have two degrees to which they can be implemented.Autocratic (A1) â€" a completely autocratic style of leadership is used in making decisions. Whatever information you have becomes enough to make the decision and no further input from your team is required.Autocratic (A2) â€" this is still autocratic but not as extreme as the previous style. Some consultation is done with your team members so as to obtain more information as needed. Afterwards, you make the decision alone.Consultative (C1) â€" you consult with your team members individually so as to get their opinions. You then proceed top make the decision by yourself.Consultative (C2) â€" the consultations in this style of leadership are at a wider level. You organize for a meeting for all team members, or as many as possible, so as to discuss the situation. You get their suggestions but still make the decision yourself.Collaborative (G2) â€" this style is purely focused on reaching a consensus. You organize for a meeting to discuss the situation. You facilitate t he discussion and urge everyone to give their suggestion. The decision is then made together based on the consensus of the team.To make the decision, some factors also come up as important considerations. These are:Quality of the decision â€" the quality of the decision to be made is key in determining the process you will follow. For example, critical business decisions require a lot of information to be available. This could mean lots of consultations.Your team’s commitment â€" the degree of commitment your team has is also a major factor to consider. The more invested people are into you and your business, the more the decisions made will affect them.As a result, it is wise to ensure you understand your team’s commitment level. If they are heavily invested in the team, then decisions are better made through a collaborative process. This makes them feel appreciated and are likely to be more loyal and supportive.Time constraints â€" time is always a crucial factor when decision s need to be made fast. You will not have the privilege of consulting widely or gathering a lot of information. As a result, collaborative processes may not be the best for such circumstances. In such cases, the   autocratic style (A1) becomes almost necessary.It is not an easy thing to make decisions quickly especially in the absence of crucial information. Watch the below video and learn how to go about it.Vroom and Yetton developed a decision tree to help illustrate the process of decision making. The below image shows the Vroom-Yetton decision tree. The Vroom-Yetton Decision ModelSource: MindtoolsFACTORS DETERMINING THE STYLE OF LEADERSHIPGiven the different perspectives of the contingency theory, it is obvious that there are factors which make one more applicable than the other in a given situation. These are what you will first have to consider before deciding which one of the four styles to use.Whereas you cannot preempt all factors beforehand, here are some of the most common ones.Maturity level of the followersLeaders and followers are never at the same level of thinking, understanding or acting. By and large, regardless of the leadership theory applied, this is one of the reasons the leader stands out as different from the followers.The maturity level of your followers greatly determines how you interact with them. For example, highly mature followers understand responsibility. As such, you can rely on the job being done once the instructions are given.On the other hand, less mature followers may not have grasped the impor tance of this. For this reason, they may not be very diligent in their work thus prone to produce low quality work. For optimum results, you may need to get involved in the work being done.The organization’s cultureThe organization’s culture dictates everythingâ€"from communication styles to individual behaviors. It is the leader’s responsibility to create a good culture at the workplace which will make the environment conducive for work.However, an organization’s culture is also affected by the individuals working in it. People bring in their learned habits and influence the work environment. This is something which the leader has to consciously work on controlling.For example, if the organization’s culture is one which encourages competition, team work may not be an easy thing to achieve. In such a situation, a leader who works well with teams may have a difficult time operating in this environment, thereby possibly being unsuccessful.Amount of time available to complete the taskSome tasks have time constraints attached to them. This is especially so in competitive industries. When such tasks are before the organization, then the best way to handle them is to focus on them.This makes a task-oriented leader very effective because he is mainly concerned in achieving goals. If there is an issue raised which does not directly affect the outcome of the work being done, then the issue may not receive much attention.Amount of personal power held by the leaderPersonal power is the ability to control the situations around you which can hinder you from achieving your goals. It is easily seen in the ability to change from bad habits to productive ones.Having personal power gives you a good perspective of the situations around you. You are able to understand them in ways others are not. As a result, the kind of interaction you seek with your followers will rely on this insight which you have.This influences the response you get from your followers when you ask them to do certain jobs. With personal power, you will have an easy time convincing people to do something. Being respectful towards your followers is part of this and helps achieve your goals.Amount of positional power held by the leaderPositional power is the one exercised by someone by virtue of the position held. If he is a supervisor, he has power over those reporting to him directly.Positional power can only be practiced depending on the amount of authority you have. A manager will have and exercise power over the employees directly reporting to him but a CEO will have power over all the employees in the organization.When it comes to leadership however, things can go south if you abuse your authority. And as much as you may still be the manager (positional power), you may have lost the ability to influence and direct people after they lose their trust in you. Watch the below video to understand this.Type of relationship between the leader and followersThe relationship which y ou have with your followers is key in determining how the situation will be handled. If the relationship is positive, then it becomes easy for you to get input from your followers.It will also be easier to direct your followers when you have something that needs to be done. A positive relationship between a leader and his followers will provide a conducive environment for the leader’s success regardless of the situation arising.Clarity of task at handSome tasks are simple while others are complex. If the task is easy enough, then you can use a style which focuses on delegation without much concern. If however it is complex, you may need to be more involved in the execution of the tasks.This is also related to the technical expertise of your followers. If the followers are technically or intellectually skilled, then dealing with situations will be easier as opposed to when they lack these skills.STRENGTHS OF CONTINGENCY THEORIESThe contingency theory of leadership gives much attent ion to the situations surrounding the leader. It gained much acceptance and was hailed for several reasons. Some of them are:1. It has brought better understanding to the study of leadership â€" this theory does not attempt to explain leadership as something that can be handled using a particular style. In fact, there is no best style of leadership. With this theory, the situations determine the kind of leadership required.As such, it recognizes that different situations bring about different demands which are the ones that determine whether a particular style of leadership will be effective or not.2. It helps know what kind of leaders are needed for various situations â€" these theories give the understanding of how situations affect the success of a leader. In order to achieve success in a particular situation, an organization could easily check the leadership styles of various candidates then pick one for the position.This gives the contingency theory the ability to predict who c ould become a suitable leader in certain situations. All that is needed is an understanding of the situation and the leadership styles of the candidates.3. Can help organizations in human resource planning â€" this theory is based on a lot of research and as such, can provide organizations with a lot of information to help them build leadership profiles.This is very helpful because as different situations occur, an organization will know who exactly to put in a position that can steer a project into success.WEAKNESSES OF CONTINGENCY THEORIESLike all other theories, the contingency theory is not without its fair share of criticism. The below considerations are some of the arguments by critics.It doesn’t account for the position of the leader â€" although this theory is a leadership theory, it focuses too much on the situation and does not consider the leader himself. This means that it doesn’t really look at what it’s meant to explainâ€"the leader.Can be too rigid to practice â €" for example, the LPC scale proposed by Fiedler can be used to decide that a leader is not a good leader based on his LPC score. However, in some cases, it may actually be that the situation itself is what needs to change.It doesn’t offer opportunities to improve leaders â€" with no set traits to develop but only focusing on the situation, it becomes difficult to groom leaders. The theory primarily proposes specific types of styles which all leaders are supposed to fall under.CONCLUSIONThe contingency theory of leadership is concerned with the situations which leaders operate in. The theory suggests that these situations are what determine the effectiveness of the leader. Although quite different from other theories, it still gives a unique perspective to be considered.

Role Of A Senior Practitioner With Children s Learning...

A child’s learning and development stages start from his birth and continue till he reaches the age of 15 to 16 years. The most significant years when a child starts to understand the world around him, and starts to make sense of his carers is usually from birth to age 5. From birth to age 5, the learning and development stages are kept at under strict eye by the carers since it is important to see that all the activities of the child are monitored and that the child is growing in the right way. The paper will discuss the role of a senior practitioner with regards to the children’s learning and development stages, and the impact the practitioner has on the children from birth to 5 years in diverse settings. Discussion Role of senior†¦show more content†¦The kids feel sure and they don t apprehension disparagement or disappointment. At the point when compatibility is made between the kids and the practitioner, then the practitioner is capable to judge when the child is prepared to be taught new aptitudes. Birth to 12 months Amid this period, youthful kids physical advancement is exceptionally quick and they increase expanding control of their muscles. They additionally create aptitudes in moving their hands, feet, limbs, rapidly getting to be portable and ready to handle and control objects. They are gaining from the moment of birth (Geary, et.al, 2012). Indeed, even before their first words they discover a ton about dialect by listening to individuals talking, and are particularly intrigued when it includes themselves and their everyday lives. Delicate caregiving, which reacts to youngsters developing understanding and enthusiastic needs, manufactures secure connections to uncommon individuals, for example, parents, relatives or carers. Standard, however adaptable, schedules help youthful kids to advance wisdom of order in the world and to expect proceedings. A wide assortment of experience, which includes every one of the faculties, empowers learning and an enthusiasm for nature. A senior practitioner influences the development and learning of a child from birth to 1 year old in diverse ways. The main job is to create connections

Essay Cars in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby

In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, symbols are an important and integral part of what makes it a great novel. Though there are numerous and different aspects that could be explored, a repeated and often mentioned aspect are the revolutionary vehicles. Cars in the 1920s were a symbol of status and privilege as they were becoming increasingly affordable. Though most people could own a car due to Ford releasing the Model T, the colored vehicles usually a sign of wealth and status. Fitzgerald often uses the car as a symbol of death, or a journey to a destructive event, rarely is the car portrayed in a positive manner. I think that in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald is trying to connect automobiles and vehicles to the idea of consumerism. And by†¦show more content†¦Another interesting detail is Gatsby’s car is yellow instead of the standardized black of the era stresses the thought that he is engrossed with the obsession of displaying his material wealth to get the lov e of Daisy. The Death car is yellow, and in the novel yellow symbolizes money and corruption in the novel. The creamy color of Gatsby’s car also symbolizes decay of corruption; therefore Gatsby’s car is like a bulging piece of fruit that is overripe and has started to rot. To each character cars had a different meaning. For Tom, who has numerous cars uses them as a reminder of the past, the cars a symbol of how consumerist and materialistic he is. He believes that maybe if he had enough things, enough cars, he will be happy. Gatsby has an excessive car, a symbol of trying to attain what Tom has, however never being able to really reach that status. Nick has no car, Nick really represents Fitzgerald’s own opinion on the era. Fitzgerald presents us with two possibilities of the future. The people with cars end up being miserable and lost and Nick. Myrtle is killed by a car, another symbol of how materialism can consume someone. Myrtle wanted what she couldn’t have, a lavish life without work. 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A Brief History of Hci Free Essays

A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology Brad A. Myers Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science Technical Report CMU-CS-96-163 and Human Computer Interaction Institute Technical Report CMU-HCII-96-103 December, 1996 Please cite this work as: Brad A. Myers. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief History of Hci or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology. † ACM interactions. Vol. 5, no. 2, March, 1998. pp. 44-54. Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891 bam@a. gp. s. cmu. edu Abstract This article summarizes the historical development of major advances in human-computer interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university research in the advancement of the field. Copyright (c) 1996 — Carnegie Mellon University A short excerpt from this article appeared as part of â€Å"Strategic Directions in Human Computer Interaction,† edited by Brad Myers, Jim Hollan, Isabel Cruz, ACM Computing Surveys, 28(4), December 1996 This research was partially sponsored by NCCOSC under Contract No. N66001-94-C-6037, Arpa Order No. B326 and partially by NSF under grant number IRI-9319969. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NCCOSC or the U. S. Government. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, History, User Interfaces, Interaction Techniques. [pic] 1. Introduction Research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been spectacularly uccessful, and has fundamentally changed computing. Just one example is the ubiquitous graphical interface used by Microsoft Windows 95, which is based on the Macintosh, which is based on work at Xerox PARC, which in turn is based on early research at the Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Another example is that virtually all software written today employs user interface toolkits and interface builders, concepts which were developed first at universities. Even the spectacular growth of the World-Wide Web is a direct result of HCI research: applying hypertext technology to browsers allows one to traverse a link across the world with a click of the mouse. Interface improvements more than anything else has triggered this explosive growth. Furthermore, the research that will lead to the user interfaces for the computers of tomorrow is happening at universities and a few corporate research labs. This paper tries to briefly summarize many of the important research developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. By â€Å"research,† I mean exploratory work at universities and government and corporate research labs (such as Xerox PARC) that is not directly related to products. By â€Å"HCI technology,† I am referring to the computer side of HCI. A companion article on the history of the â€Å"human side,† discussing the contributions from psychology, design, human factors and ergonomics would also be appropriate. A motivation for this article is to overcome the mistaken impression that much of the important work in Human-Computer Interaction occurred in industry, and if university research in Human-Computer Interaction is not supported, then industry will just carry on anyway. This is simply not true. This paper tries to show that many of the most famous HCI successes developed by companies are deeply rooted in university research. In fact, virtually all of today’s major interface styles and applications have had significant influence from research at universities and labs, often with government funding. To illustrate this, this paper lists the funding sources of some of the major advances. Without this research, many of the advances in the field of HCI would probably not have taken place, and as a consequence, the user interfaces of commercial products would be far more difficult to use and learn than they are today. As described by Stu Card: â€Å"Government funding of advanced human-computer interaction technologies built the intellectual capital and trained the research teams for pioneer systems that, over a period of 25 years, revolutionized how people interact with computers. Industrial research laboratories at the corporate level in Xerox, IBM, ATT, and others played a strong role in developing this technology and bringing it into a form suitable for the commercial arena. † [6, p. 162]). Figure 1 shows time lines for some of the technologies discussed in this article. Of course, a deeper analysis would reveal much interaction between the university, corporate research and commercial activity streams. It is important to appreciate that years of research are involved in creating and making these technologies ready for widespread use. The same will be true for the HCI technologies that will provide the interfaces of tomorrow. It is clearly impossible to list every system and source in a paper of this scope, but I have tried to represent the earliest and most influential systems. Although there are a number of other surveys of HCI topics (see, for example [1] [10] [33] [38]), none cover as many aspects as this one, or try to be as comprehensive in finding the original influences. Another useful resource is the video â€Å"All The Widgets,† which shows the historical progression of a number of user interface ideas [25]. The technologies covered in this paper include fundamental interaction styles like direct manipulation, the mouse pointing device, and windows; several important kinds of application areas, such as drawing, text editing and spreadsheets; the technologies that will likely have the biggest impact on interfaces of the future, such as gesture recognition, multimedia, and 3D; and the technologies used to create interfaces using the other technologies, such as user interface management systems, toolkits, and interface builders. [pic] [pic] Figure 1: Approximate time lines showing where work was performed on some major technologies discussed in this article. [pic] 2. Basic Interactions †¢ Direct Manipulation of graphical objects: The now ubiquitous direct manipulation interface, where visible objects on the screen are directly manipulated with a pointing device, was first demonstrated by Ivan Sutherland in Sketchpad [44], which was his 1963 MIT PhD thesis. SketchPad supported the manipulation of objects using a light-pen, including grabbing objects, moving them, changing size, and using constraints. It contained the seeds of myriad important interface ideas. The system was built at Lincoln Labs with support from the Air Force and NSF. William Newman’s Reaction Handler [30], created at Imperial College, London (1966-67) provided direct manipulation of graphics, and introduced â€Å"Light Handles,† a form of graphical potentiometer, that was probably the first â€Å"widget. † Another early system was AMBIT/G (implemented at MIT’s Lincoln Labs, 1968, ARPA funded). It employed, among other interface techniques, iconic representations, gesture recognition, dynamic menus with items selected using a pointing device, selection of icons by pointing, and moded and mode-free styles of interaction. David Canfield Smith coined the term â€Å"icons† in his 1975 Stanford PhD thesis on Pygmalion [41] (funded by ARPA and NIMH) and Smith later popularized icons as one of the chief designers of the Xerox Star [42]. Many of the interaction techniques popular in direct manipulation interfaces, such as how objects and text are selected, opened, and manipulated, were researched at Xerox PARC in the 1970’s. In particular, the idea of â€Å"WYSIWYG† (what you see is what you get) originated there with systems such as the Bravo text editor and the Draw drawing program [10] The concept of direct manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisioned by Alan Kay of Xerox PARC in a 1977 article about the â€Å"Dynabook† [16]. The first commercial systems to make extensive use of Direct Manipulation were the Xerox Star (1981) [42], the Apple Lisa (1982) [51] and Macintosh (1984) [52]. Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term â€Å"Direct Manipulation† in 1982 and identified the components and gave psychological foundations [40]. The Mouse: The mouse was developed at Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS project (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) [9] to be a cheap replacement for light-pens, which had been used at least since 1954 [10, p. 68]. Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Engelbart as par t of NLS in a movie created in 1968 [8]. The mouse was then made famous as a practical input device by Xerox PARC in the 1970’s. It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star (1981), the Three Rivers Computer Company’s PERQ (1981) [23], the Apple Lisa (1982), and Apple Macintosh (1984). Windows: Multiple tiled windows were demonstrated in Engelbart’s NLS in 1968 [8]. Early research at Stanford on systems like COPILOT (1974) [46] and at MIT with the EMACS text editor (1974) [43] also demonstrated tiled windows. Alan Kay proposed the idea of overlapping windows in his 1969 University of Utah PhD thesis [15] and they first appeared in 1974 in his Smalltalk system [11] at Xerox PARC, and soon after in the InterLisp system [47]. Some of the first commercial uses of windows were on Lisp Machines Inc. (LMI) and Symbolics Lisp Machines (1979), which grew out of MIT AI Lab projects. The Cedar Window Manager from Xerox PARC was the first major tiled window manager (1981) [45], followed soon by the Andrew window manager [32] by Carnegie Mellon University’s Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). The main commercial systems popularizing windows were the Xerox Star (1981), the Apple Lisa (1982), and most importantly the Apple Macintosh (1984). The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. The X Window System, a current international standard, was developed at MIT in 1984 [39]. For a survey of window managers, see [24]. 3. Application Types †¢ Drawing programs: Much of the current technology was demonstrated in Sutherland’s 1963 Sketchpad system. The use of a mouse for graphics was demonstrated in NLS (1965). In 1968 Ken Pulfer and Grant Bechthold at the National Research Council of Canada built a mouse out of wood patterned after Engelbart’s and used it with a key-frame animation system to draw all the frames of a movie. A subsequent movie, â€Å"Hunger† in 1971 won a number of awards, and was drawn using a tablet instead of the mouse (funding by the National Film Board of Canada) [3]. William Newman’s Markup (1975) was the first drawing program for Xerox PARC’s Alto, followed shortly by Patrick Baudelaire’s Draw which added handling of lines and curves [10, p. 326]. The first computer painting program was probably Dick Shoup’s â€Å"Superpaint† at PARC (1974-75). †¢ Text Editing: In 1962 at the Stanford Research Lab, Engelbart proposed, and later implemented, a word processor with automatic word wrap, search and replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, and commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text. Stanford’s TVEdit (1965) was one of the first CRT-based display editors that was widely used [48]. The Hypertext Editing System [50, p. 108] from Brown University had screen editing and formatting of arbitrary-sized strings with a lightpen in 1967 (funding from IBM). NLS demonstrated mouse-based editing in 1968. TECO from MIT was an early screen-editor (1967) and EMACS [43] developed from it in 1974. Xerox PARC’s Bravo [10, p. 284] was the first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974). It was designed by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi who had started working on these concepts around 1970 while at Berkeley. The first commercial WYSIWYG editors were the Star, LisaWrite and then MacWrite. For a survey of text editors, see [22] [50, p. 108]. †¢ Spreadsheets: The initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc which was developed by Frankston and Bricklin (1977-8) for the Apple II while they were students at MIT and the Harvard Business School. The solver was based on a dependency-directed backtracking algorithm by Sussman and Stallman at the MIT AI Lab. †¢ HyperText: The idea for hypertext (where documents are linked to related documents) is credited to Vannevar Bush’s famous MEMEX idea from 1945 [4]. Ted Nelson coined the term â€Å"hypertext† in 1965 [29]. Engelbart’s NLS system [8] at the Stanford Research Laboratories in 1965 made extensive use of linking (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). The â€Å"NLS Journal† [10, p. 212] was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970). The Hypertext Editing System, jointly designed by Andy van Dam, Ted Nelson, and two students at Brown University (funding from IBM) was distributed extensively [49]. The University of Vermont’s PROMIS (1976) was the first Hypertext system released to the user community. It was used to link patient and patient care information at the University of Vermont’s medical center. The ZOG project (1977) from CMU was another early hypertext system, and was funded by ONR and DARPA [36]. Ben Shneiderman’s Hyperties was the first system where highlighted items in the text could be clicked on to go to other pages (1983, Univ. of Maryland) [17]. HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audience. There have been many other hypertext systems through the years. Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN). Mosaic, the irst popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web was developed at the Univ. of Illinois’ National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). For a more complete history of HyperText, see [31]. †¢ Computer Aided Design (CAD): The same 1963 IFIPS conference at which Sketchpad was presented also contained a number of CAD systems, including Doug Ross’s Computer-Aided Design Project at MIT in the Electronic Systems Lab [37] and Coons’ work at MIT with SketchPad [7]. Timothy Johnson’s pioneering work on the interactive 3D CAD system Sketchpad 3 [13] was his 1963 MIT MS thesis (funded by the Air Force). The first CAD/CAM system in industry was probably General Motor’s DAC-1 (about 1963). †¢ Video Games: The first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar by Slug Russel of MIT in 1962 for the PDP-1 [19, p. 49] including the first computer joysticks. The early computer Adventure game was created by Will Crowther at BBN, and Don Woods developed this into a more sophisticated Adventure game at Stanford in 1966 [19, p. 132]. Conway’s game of LIFE was implemented on computers at MIT and Stanford in 1970. The first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). 4. Up-and-Coming Areas Gesture Recognition: The first pen-based input device, the RAND tablet, was funded by ARPA. Sketchpad used light-pen gestures (1963). Teitelman in 1964 developed the first trainable gesture recognizer. A very early demonstration of gesture recognition was Tom Ellis’ GRAIL system on the RAND tablet (1964, ARPA funded). It was quite common in light-pen-based systems to include some ges ture recognition, for example in the AMBIT/G system (1968 — ARPA funded). A gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols was developed at CMU by Michael Coleman in 1969. Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto has been studying gesture-based interactions since 1980. Gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s, and came to universal notice with the Apple Newton in 1992. †¢ Multi-Media: The FRESS project at Brown used multiple windows and integrated text and graphics (1968, funding from industry). The Interactive Graphical Documents project at Brown was the first hypermedia (as opposed to hypertext) system, and used raster graphics and text, but not video (1979-1983, funded by ONR and NSF). The Diamond project at BBN (starting in 1982, DARPA funded) explored combining multimedia information (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech). The Movie Manual at the Architecture Machine Group (MIT) was one of the first to demonstrate mixed video and computer graphics in 1983 (DARPA funded). †¢ 3-D: The first 3-D system was probably Timothy Johnson’s 3-D CAD system mentioned above (1963, funded by the Air Force). The â€Å"Lincoln Wand† by Larry Roberts was an ultrasonic 3D location sensing system, developed at Lincoln Labs (1966, ARPA funded). That system also had the first interactive 3-D hidden line elimination. An early use was for molecular modelling [18]. The late 60’s and early 70’s saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics research at the University of Utah with Dave Evans, Ivan Sutherland, Romney, Gouraud, Phong, and Watkins, much of it government funded. Also, the military-industrial flight simulation work of the 60’s – 70’s led the way to making 3-D real-time with commercial systems from GE, Evans, Singer/Link (funded by NASA, Navy, etc. ). Another important center of current research in 3-D is Fred Brooks’ lab at UNC (e. g. [2]). Virtual Reality and â€Å"Augmented Reality†: The original work on VR was performed by Ivan Sutherland when he was at Harvard (1965-1968, funding by Air Force, CIA, and Bell Labs). Very important early work was by Tom Furness when he was at Wright-Patterson AFB. Myron Krueger’s early work at the University of Connecticut was influential. Fred Brooks’ and Henry Fuch’s groups at UNC did a lot of early research, including the study of force feedback (1971, funding from US Atomic Energy Commission and NSF). Much of the early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove was supported by NASA. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Doug Engelbart’s 1968 demonstration of NLS [8] included the remote participation of multiple people at various sites (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). Licklider and Taylor predicted on-line interactive communities in an 1968 article [20] and speculated about the problem of access being limited to the privileged. Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet, which became operational in 1969, and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC in 1973. An early computer conferencing system was Turoff’s EIES system at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1975). †¢ Natural language and speech: The fundamental research for speech and natural language understanding and generation has been performed at CMU, MIT, SRI, BBN, IBM, AT Bell Labs and BellCore, much of it government funded. See, for example, [34] for a survey of the early work. 5. Software Tools and Architectures The area of user interface software tools is quite active now, and many companies are selling tools. Most of today’s applications are implemented using various forms of software tools. For a more complete survey and discussion of UI tools, see [26]. †¢ UIMSs and Toolkits: (There are software libraries and tools that support creating interfaces by writing code. ) The first User Interface Management System (UIMS) was William Newman’s Reaction Handler [30] created at Imperial College, London (1966-67 with SRC funding). Most of the early work was done at universities (Univ. of Toronto with Canadian government funding, George Washington Univ. with NASA, NSF, DOE, and NBS funding, Brigham Young University with industrial funding, etc. . The term â€Å"UIMS† was coined by David Kasik at Boeing (1982) [14]. Early window managers such as Smalltalk (1974) and InterLisp, both from Xerox PARC, came with a few widgets, such as popup menus and scrollbars. The Xerox Star (1981) was the first commercial system to have a large collection of widgets. The Apple Macintosh (1984) was the first to actively promote its toolkit for use by other developers to enforce a c onsistent interface. An early C++ toolkit was InterViews [21], developed at Stanford (1988, industrial funding). Much of the modern research is being performed at universities, for example the Garnet (1988) [28] and Amulet (1994) [27] projects at CMU (ARPA funded), and subArctic at Georgia Tech (1996, funding by Intel and NSF). †¢ Interface Builders: (These are interactive tools that allow interfaces composed of widgets such as buttons, menus and scrollbars to be placed using a mouse. ) The Steamer project at BBN (1979-85; ONR funding) demonstrated many of the ideas later incorporated into interface builders and was probably the first object-oriented graphics system. Trillium [12] was developed at Xerox PARC in 1981. Another early interface builder was the MenuLay system [5] developed by Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto (1983, funded by the Canadian Government). The Macintosh (1984) included a â€Å"Resource Editor† which allowed widgets to be placed and edited. Jean-Marie Hullot created â€Å"SOS Interface† in Lisp for the Macintosh while working at INRIA (1984, funded by the French government) which was the first modern â€Å"interface builder. † Hullot built this into a commercial product in 1986 and then went to work for NeXT and created the NeXT Interface Builder (1988), which popularized this type of tool. Now there are literally hundreds of commercial interface builders. †¢ Component Architectures: The idea of creating interfaces by connecting separately written components was first demonstrated in the Andrew project [32] by Carnegie Mellon University’s Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). It is now being widely popularized by Microsoft’s OLE and Apple’s OpenDoc architectures. 6. Discussion It is clear that all of the most important innovations in Human-Computer Interaction have benefited from research at both corporate research labs and universities, much of it funded by the government. The conventional style of graphical user interfaces that use windows, icons, menus and a mouse and are in a phase of standardization, where almost everyone is using the same, standard technology and just making minute, incremental changes. Therefore, it is important that university, corporate, and government-supported research continue, so that we can develop the science and technology needed for the user interfaces of the future. Another important argument in favor of HCI research in universities is that computer science students need to know about user interface issues. User interfaces are likely to be one of the main value-added competitive advantages of the future, as both hardware and basic software become commodities. If students do not know about user interfaces, they will not serve industry needs. It seems that only through computer science does HCI research disseminate out into products. Furthermore, without appropriate levels of funding of academic HCI research, there will be fewer PhD graduates in HCI to perform research in corporate labs, and fewer top-notch graduates in this area will be interested in being professors, so the needed user interface courses will not be offered. As computers get faster, more of the processing power is being devoted to the user interface. The interfaces of the future will use gesture recognition, speech recognition and generation, â€Å"intelligent agents,† adaptive interfaces, video, and many other technologies now being investigated by research groups at universities and corporate labs [35]. It is imperative that this research continue and be well-supported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must thank a large number of people who responded to posts of earlier versions of this article on the announcements. hi mailing list for their very generous help, and to Jim Hollan who helped edit the short excerpt of this article. Much of the information in this article was supplied by (in alphabetical order): Stacey Ashlund, Meera M. Blattner, Keith Butler, Stuart K. Card, Bill Curtis, David E. Damouth, Dan Diaper, Dick Duda, Tim T. K. Dudley, Steven Feiner, Harry Forsdick, Bjorn Freeman-Benson, John Gould, Wayne Gray, Mark Green, Fred Hansen, Bill Hefley, D. Austin Henderson, Jim Hollan, Jean-Marie Hullot, Rob Jacob, Bonnie John, Sandy Kobayashi, T. K. Landauer, John Leggett, Roger Lighty, Marilyn Mantei, Jim Miller, William Newman, Jakob Nielsen, Don Norman, Dan Olsen, Ramesh Patil, Gary Perlman, Dick Pew, Ken Pier, Jim Rhyne, Ben Shneiderman, John Sibert, David C. Smith, Elliot Soloway, Richard Stallman, Ivan Sutherland, Dan Swinehart, John Thomas, Alex Waibel, Marceli Wein, Mark Weiser, Alan Wexelblat, and Terry Winograd. Editorial comments were also provided by the above as well as Ellen Borison, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Bernita Myers, Yoshihiro Tsujino, and the reviewers. References 1. 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POTHOLES Essays - Pavements, Road Construction, Building Materials

POTHOLES Have you ever been driving down the streets of Lead, SD? Let's say that you are driving down the road on your way to your way to a friend's house. You stop to pick up a coke at the gas station. You are cruising on the road to his house and all of the sudden your cars slams down hard and you lose your coke all over your pants and shirt. You are now mad at the world and start cursing at everything that moves. You might think the reason is that your front tire fell off but actually you hit a pothole the size of a garbage can. You know those holes in the road that after you hit them your car makes a loud rattling noise. Then you have to take you car to the alignment shop so your car will drive straight. The city has given some effort to try to fix the holes. The city will fill the holes with loose asphalt and pound it firm with shovels. This works for about two weeks. Then the potholes are back with no trace of the asphalt. The city will fill them back up and the same thing happens. Granted the roads are allot nicer in the wintertime because the ice fills in the holes but come spring comes and there back. The reason I think there are holes is because of the freeze-thaw cycle. If you look at the new main street they put in because of the open cut, you would see it has no holes and no cracks. It has held up for five years with no problems. On the road instead of using asphalt they used concrete. Concrete is more water proof and more durable than asphalt. Concrete reacts better to the freeze-thaw cycle because it is able to stretch and contract with the changing conditions. It is cheaper in the long run to use concrete. The city is just wasting money filling the holes and then refilling them again. For all the good that is doing they should just fill it with money. With concrete you don't have to make repairs nearly as much. Now I know the city does not have enough money to pave all the streets at once but they could start with the bigger streets. If you think about it they are losing money in tourism. The more people that have to dodge the holes the less they are going to want to come back. If the city could pave the streets the tourists use they would be better off in that area. As for the other streets work on them one or two during a year and before long no more potholes. Back to the freeze-thaw cycle. There could be another way to fix this. Before you lay the concrete down lay strong pipe down, all linked together, crossways across the road. In the pipes have hot water running through them. This will act like an insulator for the road and keep it warm. The warmth in turn will not let ice accumulate on the roads and keep it free of ice. Another advantage to this is that the cars will not slide all over the place in the winter because the roads are clear of ice. So you kill two birds with one stone. I guess until they figure out to use concrete my street will still be a Baja track and my car will always have that little rattle. Cody Stahl